LINAC2022 - List of Keywords (linac)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MO1AA01	Upgrades and Developments at the ISIS Linac	rfq, operation, MEBT, quadrupole	1
	A.P. Letchford STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
	The ISIS Spallation Neutron Source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in the UK has a 70 MeV H⁻ linac operating at 202.5 MHz. The linac consists of a 665 keV RFQ and a 4-tank Drift Tube Linac (DTL). In order to ensure continued reliability, increase performance and lay the groundwork for possible facility upgrades in the future a programme of R&D has been taking place in recent years. This paper will discuss three components of that programme: the complete replacement of DTL Tank 4; the design of a Medium Energy beam Transport (MEBT) between the RFQ and DTL; and the Front End Test Stand (FETS), a demonstrator for the front end of a future high current, high energy linac.
	Slides MO1AA01 [26.001 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1AA01
About •	Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 September 2022
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MO2AA04	Electron Ion Collider Strong Hadron Cooling Injector and ERL	electron, cavity, emittance, hadron	7
	E. Wang, W.F. Bergan, F.J. Willeke BNL, Upton, New York, USA S.V. Benson, K.E. Deitrick JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA D. Douglas Douglas Consulting, York, Virginia, USA C.M. Gulliford Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA C.E. Mayes, N.W. Taylor Xelera Research LLC, Ithaca, New York, USA J. Qiang LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: The work is supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DESC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Intra-beam Scattering (IBS) and other diffusion mechanisms in the EIC Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) degrade the beam emittances during a store, with growth times of about 2 hours at the nominal proton energies of 275GeV, 100 GeV, and 41 GeV. Strong Hadron Cooling (SHC) can maintain good hadron beam quality and high luminosity during long collision stores. A novel cooling method ’ Coherent electron Cooling (CeC) ’ is chosen as the baseline SHC method, due to its high cooling rates. An Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is used to deliver an intense high-quality electron beam for cooling. In this paper, we discuss the beam requirements for SHC-CeC and describe the current status of the injector and ERL designs. Two designs of injector and ERL will be presented: one for dedicated SHC and another one for SHC with precooler.

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	Slides MO2AA04 [4.436 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO2AA04
About •	Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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MO1PA02	Beam Commissioning of Normal Conducting Part and Status of ESS Project	MMI, DTL, rfq, LEBT	18
	R. Miyamoto, C. Amstutz, S. Armanet, R.A. Baron, E.C. Bergman, A.K. Bhattacharyya, B.E. Bolling, W. Borg, S. Calic, M. Carroll, J. Cereijo García, J. Christensson, J.D. Christie, H. Danared, C.S. Derrez, E.M. Donegani, S. Ekström, M. Eriksson, M. Eshraqi, J.F. Esteban Müller, K. Falkland, A. Forsat, S. Gabourin, A. Garcia Sosa, A.A. Gorzawski, V. Grishin, P.O. Gustavsson, S. Haghtalab, V.A. Harahap, H. Hassanzadegan, W. Hees, J.J. Jamróz, A. Jansson, M. Jensen, B. Jones, M. Juni Ferreira, M. Kalafatic, I. Kittelmann, H. Kocevar, S. Kövecses de Carvalho, E. Laface, B. Lagoguez, Y. Levinsen, M. Lindroos, A. Lundmark, M. Mansouri, C. Marrelli, C.A. Martins, J.P.S. Martins, S. Micic, N. Milas, M. Mohammednezhad, R. Montaño, M. Muñoz, G. Mörk, D.J.P. Nicosia, B. Nilsson, D. Noll, A. Nordt, T. Olsson, L. Page, D. Paulic, S. Pavinato, A. Petrushenko, D.C. Plostinar, J. Riegert, A. Rizzo, K.E. Rosengren, K. Rosquist, M. Serluca, T.J. Shea, A. Simelio, S. Slettebak, H. Spoelstra, A.M. Svensson, L. Svensson, R. Tarkeshian, L. Tchelidze, C.A. Thomas, E. Trachanas, K. Vestin, R.H. Zeng, P.L. van Velze, N. Öst ESS, Lund, Sweden C. Baltador, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, F. Grespan, A. Pisent INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy I. Bustinduy, A. Conde, D. Fernández-Cañoto, N. Garmendia, P.J. González, G. Harper, A. Kaftoosian, J. Martin, I. Mazkiaran, J.L. Muñoz, A.R. Páramo, S. Varnasseri, A.Z. Zugazaga ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain A.C. Chauveau, P. Hamel, O. Piquet CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	The European Spallation Source, currently under construction in Lund Sweden, will be a spallation neutron source driven by a superconducting proton linac with a design power of 5 MW. The linac features a high peak current of 62.5 mA and long pulse length of 2.86 ms with a repetition rate of 14 Hz. The normal conducting part of the linac has been undergoing beam commissioning in multiple steps, and the main focus of the beam commissioning has been on bringing systems into operation, including auxiliary ones. In 2022, beam was transported to the end of the first tank of the five-tank drift tube linac. This paper provides a summary of the beam commissioning activities at ESS and the current status of the linac.

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	Slides MO1PA02 [18.907 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1PA02
About •	Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 September 2022
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MO1PA03	First Years of Linac4 RF Operation	operation, klystron, controls, rfq	25
	S. Ramberger, R. Wegner CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Following the construction, commissioning, run-in, and connection, in 2021 Linac4 at CERN saw its successful start-up to full operation. Being composed primarily of RF systems, occupying most of the tunnel and the equipment hall, a coordinated effort has been put in place by 4 RF teams providing cavities, amplifier chains, low-level RF and general control systems. While all parts came together with impressive performance from day one, many details required a considerable debugging effort to achieve the requested availability of at least 95% from first operation in the synchrotron complex. This talk will focus on issues in equipment reliability, radiation to electronics, thermal stability, systems interaction, as well as a few aspects of complex low-level RF setup. It will also discuss decisions taken with respect to spare policies and upgrades for the coming years.
	Slides MO1PA03 [3.992 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1PA03
About •	Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022
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MOPOJO03	HELEN: A Linear Collider Based on Advanced SRF Technology	cavity, collider, SRF, linear-collider	31
	S.A. Belomestnykh, P.C. Bhat, M. Checchin, A. Grassellino, M. Martinello, S. Nagaitsev, S. Posen, A.S. Romanenko, V.D. Shiltsev, A. Valishev, V.P. Yakovlev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA S.A. Belomestnykh Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA H. Padamsee Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, managed and operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy. This paper discusses recently proposed Higgs-Energy LEptoN (HELEN) e+e’ linear collider based on advances superconducting radio frequency technology. The collider offers cost and AC power savings, smaller footprint (relative to the ILC), and could be built at Fermilab with an Interaction Region within the site boundaries. After the initial physics run at 250 GeV, the collider could be upgraded either to higher luminosity or to higher (up to 500 GeV) energies.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO03
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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MOPOJO09	A Compact Inverse Compton Scattering Source Based on X-Band Technology and Cavity-Enhanced High Average Power Ultrafast Lasers	photon, electron, laser, cavity	44
	A. Latina, R. Corsini, L.A. Dyks, E. Granados, A. Grudiev, V. Musat, S. Stapnes, W. Wuensch CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland E. Cormier CELIA, Talence, France L.A. Dyks Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom G. Santarelli ILE, Palaiseau Cedex, France
	A high-pulse-current injector followed by a short high-gradient X-band linac is considered as a driver for a compact Inverse Compton Scattering source. We show that using a high-power ultrashort pulse laser operating in burst mode and a Fabry-Pérot enhancement cavity, X-rays with flux values over 10¹³ ph/s and photon energies up to MeV are achievable. The resulting high-intensity and high-energy X-rays allow for various applications, including cancer therapy, tomography, and nuclear waste management. A preliminary conceptual design of such a compact ICS source is presented, together with simulations of the expected performance.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO09
About •	Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 30 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 September 2022
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MOPOJO10	The Linac Test Facility at Daresbury Laboratory	electron, photon, operation, controls	47
	A.E. Wheelhouse, R. Schnuerer STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom H.L. Gasson, N. Patel, D.H. Rowlands, I. Tahir Teledyne-e2v UK Ltd, Chelmsford, United Kingdom R. Schnuerer Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	The LINAC Test Facility (LTF) based at Daresbury Laboratory supports research and development of applications in medical, security, and environmental technologies through the operation of a Compact LINAC. This facility has been operated and upgraded over several years and this work has been performed in a collaboration between STFC and Teledyne e2v, enabling the facility to deliver an increased accelerating gradient of 6 MeV, which has broadened the capability to provide testing of radiotherapy and security scanning technologies. This paper de-scribes the developments undertaken, the benefits gained by both parties, and future planned improvements.
	Poster MOPOJO10 [0.707 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO10
About •	Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2022
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MOPOJO11	Challenges for High-Energy X-Ray Security Screening Linacs	electron, detector, cavity, photon	50
	M. Jenkins, J. Ollier, M.G. Procter Rapiscan Systems Ltd, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
	X-ray based Cargo and Vehicle Inspection (CVI) systems are used for security and customs inspections at a variety of locations. To provide the maximum flexibility many users require mobile CVI systems to allow vehicles to be screened efficiently for threats and contraband. The need for mobile systems means that the linear accelerator, and ancillary systems, used to generate the x-rays must be compact, rugged, and reliable. These systems must meet image performance tests specified by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC also defines a standard for material discrimination. The requirements of these standards mean that the x-ray output produced by the linac needs to be consistent during and between scans, with the stability and repeatability of the output being critical. The tolerances on the linac output to meet the performance standards combined with the need for a compact system gives an unusual challenge for the linac design. A review of how different stability measures impact the performance tests is presented. This is compared to current technologies and possible future linacs used for mobile CVI systems.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO11
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPOJO12	Design of a Compact Linac for High Average Power Radiotherapy	cavity, coupling, GUI, gun	53
	C.D. Nantista, G.B. Bowden, Z. Li, M. Shumail, S.G. Tantawi SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA B.W. Loo Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
	We present the design of a compact, 10 MeV, 300 mA pulsed X-band linac developed for medical application. The layout, <1 m including gun, buncher, capture section and current monitor, is of a recent configuration in which the 36 main linac cavities are individually fed in parallel through side waveguide manifolds, allowing for split fabrication. Initially destined for experimental study of FLASH irradiation of mouse tumors, the design was developed as a prototype for realization of a PHASER cancer treatment machine, in which multiple linacs, powered sequentially from a common RF source, are to provide rapid treatment to patients from multiple directions without mechanical movement, delivering dosage on a time scale that essentially freezes the patient. In this paper, we focus on the RF design, beam capture optimization, mechanical design and fabrication of the linac itself, deferring discussion of other important aspects such as window and target design, experimental specification setting, radiation shielding and operations.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO12
About •	Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 September 2022
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MOPOJO14	New X-Band and S-Band Linear Accelerators at Varex Imaging	gun, GUI, target, electron	56
	A.V. Mishin, B. Howe, J. Stammetti Varex Imaging, Salt Lake City, USA
	We have designed, built, and high power tested advanced linear accelerators equipped with our new 3 MeV X-Band Accelerator Beam Centerline ABC-3-X-T-X and a Reduced Spot (RS) S-Band ABC-7ER-S-T-RS-X with broad 3 MeV to 8 MeV energy regulation, which demonstrated excellent performance and superior beam quality. We are immensely proud of these recent accomplishments and would like to share the news with the community.
	Poster MOPOJO14 [0.350 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO14
About •	Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 October 2022
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MOPOJO15	Low Energy Linac for Electronic Brachytherapy	electron, radiation, simulation, target	59
	C.-J. Jing, P.V. Avrakhov, J.R. Callahan, B.T. Freemire, E. Gomez, R.A. Kostin, A. Liu, S. Miller, W. Si, Y. Zhao Euclid TechLabs, Solon, Ohio, USA D.S. Doran, W. Liu, J.G. Power ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA C.G. Liu, M. Pankuch Northwestern University, Northwestern Medicine Proton Center, Warrenville, Illinois, USA D. Mihalcea, P. Piot Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA W.D. Rush KU, Lawrence, Kansas, USA J.S. Welsh Edward Hines Junior VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
	Funding: The project is supported by NNSA under Contract 89233121CNA000209. The use of electronic brachytherapy (EB) has grown rapidly over the past decade. It is gaining significant interest from the global medical community as an improved user-friendly technology to reduce the usage of Ir-192. However, the present EB machines all use electron beams at energies of 100 kV or less to generate the X-ray photons, which limits their use to low dose-rate brachytherapy. We focus on the development of a compact and light weight 1-MeV linac to generate and deliver >250 kV X-ray photons to the patient. The device is intended to retrofit to existing brachytherapy applicators. In this paper we will report progress on this project.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO15
About •	Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 September 2022
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MOPOJO16	Cryogenic Accelerator Design for Compact Very High Energy Electron Therapy	cavity, coupling, distributed, electron	62
	E.J.C. Snively, V. Borzenets, G.B. Bowden, A.K. Krasnykh, Z. Li, C.D. Nantista, M. Oriunno, M. Shumail, S.G. Tantawi SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA B.W. Loo Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
	Funding: This research has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-C02-76SF00515. We report on the development of a cryogenic X-band (11.424 GHz) accelerator to provide electron beams for Very High Energy Electron therapy. The distributed coupling linac is designed with a 135° phase advance, capable of producing a 100 MeV/m accelerating gradient in a one-meter structure using only 19 MW when operating at 77 K. This peak power will be achieved through pulse compression of a 5-8 MW few-µs pulse, ensuring compatibility with a commercial power source. We present designs of the cryogenic linac and power distribution system, as well as a room temperature pulse compressor using the HE11 mode in a corrugated cavity. We discuss scaling this compact and economical design into a 16 linac array that can achieve FLASH dose rates (> 40 Gy/s) while eliminating the downtime associated with gantry motion.
	Slides MOPOJO16 [1.320 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO16
About •	Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 18 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 September 2022
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MOPOJO18	Manipulation and Measurement of Polarization State for THz Coherent Undulator Radiation	polarization, electron, radiation, undulator	69
	S. Kashiwagi, H. Hama, F. Hinode, T. Muto, I. Nagasawa, K. Nanbu, H. Saito Tohoku University, Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Sendai, Japan A. Irizawa ISIR, Osaka, Japan H. Zen Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
	We are developing an accelerator-based terahertz source that can produce arbitrary polarization states from linearly polarized coherent undulator radiation (CUR). The polarization manipulation of the CUR can be realized using the Martin’Puplett interferometer employed as an optical phase shifter. This study also demonstrates a variable polarization manipulator by using the terahertz CUR (THz-CUR) source based on an extremely short electron bunch at Research Center for Electron Photon Science (ELPH), Tohoku University. The horizontally polarized CUR with a frequency of 1.9 THz was manipulated into variable polarization state, and Stokes parameters were measured to derive the degree of polarization. Beam experimental results will be presented in this conference.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO18
About •	Received ※ 09 September 2022 — Revised ※ 18 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2022
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MOPOJO19	Programmable SLED System for Single Bunch and Multibunch Linac Operation	klystron, cavity, operation, LLRF	73
	C. Christou, P. Gu, A. Tropp DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
	The Diamond Light Source pre-injector linac generates single bunch and multibunch 100 MeV electron beams for top-up and fill of the storage ring. The linac is powered by two high-power 3 GHz klystrons, and both klystrons are required for reliable injection into the booster and storage ring. In order to introduce redundancy, a SLED pulse compression cavity has been installed so that the linac can operate from just one klystron, with the second klystron held as a standby. A simple phase flip can be used to generate a high-power transient RF spike, suitable for single bunch linac operation, and a programmable amplitude and phase drive profile can be specified to generate a constant-power klystron output suitable for multibunch operation. Details are presented of design, installation and high-power operation of the SLED system, and the ability to generate a long pulse, including corrections for klystron nonlinearity and deviations from modulator flat-top, is demonstrated.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO19
About •	Received ※ 09 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 September 2022
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MOPOPA03	Beam-Transient-Based LLRF Voltage Signal Calibration for the European XFEL	cavity, FEL, LLRF, operation	80
	N. Walker, V. Ayvazyan, J. Branlard, S. Pfeiffer, Ch. Schmidt DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The European XFEL linac consists of 25 superconducting RF (SRF) stations. With the exception of the first station which is part of the injector, each station comprises 32 1.3-GHz SRF TESLA cavities, driven by a single 10-MW klystron. A sophisticated state-of-the-art low-level RF (LLRF) system maintains the complex vector sum of each RF station. Monitoring and maintaining the calibration of the cavity electric field (gradient) probe signals has proven critical in achieving the maximum energy performance and availability of the SRF linac. Since there are no dedicated diagnostics for cross-checking calibration of the LLRF system, a procedure has been implemented based on simultaneously measuring the beam transient in open-loop operation of all cavities. Based on methods originally developed at FLASH, the European XFEL procedure makes use of automation and the XFEL LLRF DAQ system to provide a robust and relatively fast (minutes) way of extracting the transient data, and is now routinely scheduled once per week. In this paper, we will report on the background, implementation, analysis methods, typical results, and their subsequent application for machine operation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA03
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 September 2022
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MOPOPA15	Three Years of Operation of the SPIRAL2 SC LINAC- RF Feedback	cavity, LLRF, controls, operation	98
	M. Di Giacomo, M. Aburas, P.-E. Bernaudin, O. Delahaye, A. Dubosq, A. Ghribi, J.-M. Lagniel, J.F. Leyge, G. Normand, A.K. Orduz, F. Pillon, L. Valentin GANIL, Caen, France F. Bouly LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France S. Sube CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
	The superconducting LINAC of SPIRAL2 at the GANIL facility has been in operation since October 2019. The accelerator uses 12 low beta and 14 high beta supercon-ducting quarter wave cavities, cooled at 4°K, working at 88 MHz. The cavities are operated at a nominal gradient of 6.5 MV/m and are independently powered by a LLRF and a solid-state amplifier, protected by a circulator. Pro-ton and deuteron beam currents can reach 5 mA and beam loading perturbation is particularly strong on the first cavities, as they are operated at field levels much lower than the nominal one. This paper presents a feedback after three years of oper-ation, focuses on the RF issues, describing problems and required improvement on the low level, control and pow-er systems
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA15
About •	Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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MOPOPA19	Preparation for Commissioning with Beam of "Advanced Demonstrator" Module with Heavy Ion Beam	cavity, heavy-ion, MMI, solenoid	114
	M. Miski-Oglu, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, S. Yaramyshev HIM, Mainz, Germany W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List KPH, Mainz, Germany H. Podlech, M. Schwarz IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	The integration of the accelerator components in to the cryogenic module prototype (Advanced Demonstrator) is a major milestone of the R&D for the superconducting heavy ion continuous wave linear accelerator HELIAC at GSI. The HELIAC is joint project of Helmholtz Institute Mainz (HIM) and GSI developed in collaboration with IAP Goethe University Frankfurt. This module is equipped with three superconducting (sc) Cross bar H-mode (CH) acceleration cavities CH0-CH2 and a sc rebuncher cavity, as well as two sc solenoids. The commissioning of the cryogenic module with Argon beam at GSI is scheduled for August 2023. In preparation for the beam test activities, the beamline, which connects the High Charge State Injector (HLI) with the testing area, has been installed. The beamline comprises a pair of phase probes for Time Of Flight (TOF) measurement of the incoming beam energy, quadrupole lenses and a 4-gap RF-buncher cavity. The beam diagnostics bench behind the cryo module is equipped with phase probe pairs, a slit-grid device, a bunch shape monitor (Feshenko monitor) for measurements of the longitudinal beam profile. The bench allows complete 6d characterization of the ion beam.
	Poster MOPOPA19 [3.074 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA19
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 September 2022
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MOPOPA22	High-Gradient Accelerating Structure for Hadron Therapy Linac, Operating at kHz Repetition Rates	GUI, klystron, operation, hadron	126
	S.V. Kutsaev, R.B. Agustsson, A.C. Araujo Martinez, A.Yu. Smirnov, S.U. Thielk RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA V.A. Dolgashev SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA B. Mustapha, G. Ye ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, under STTR grant DE-SC0015717 and Accelerator Stewardship Grant, Proposal No. 0000219678. Argonne National Laboratory and RadiaBeam have designed the Advanced Compact Carbon Ion Linac (ACCIL) for the acceleration of carbon an proton beams up to the energies of 450 MeV/u, required for image-guided hadron therapy. Recently, this project has been enhanced with the capability of fast tumour tracking and treatment through the 4D spot scanning technique. Such solution offers a promising approach to simultaneously reduce the cost and improve the quality of the treatment. In this paper, we report the design of an accelerating structure, capable of operating up to 1000 pulses per second. The linac utilizes an RF pulse compressor for use with commercially available klystrons, which will dramatically reduce the price of the system.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA22
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPOGE01	Linac Design within HITRIplus for Particle Therapy	synchrotron, rfq, cavity, operation	134
	U. Ratzinger, H. Höltermann, B. Koubek, H. Podlech BEVATECH, Frankfurt, Germany M. Vretenar CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: EU Horizon 2020 Grant agreement No 101008548 Within the EU H2020 project HITRIplus for the development of cancer therapy with heavy ions a linac was designed. It is evolving from the concept of the 4 European cancer therapy centers applying light ions up to carbon. The new linac will in its simpliest version allow C⁴⁺ - beam injection into synchrotrons at 5 A MeV, with high beam transmission and allowing currents up to 5 mA alpha - particles. An advanced ECR - ion source will inject into an RFQ - IH-DTL combination. The DTL concept allows upgraded versions for A/q - values up to two and with beam energies of 7.1 A MeV from IH - tank2 and 10 A MeV from IH-tank3. The higher beam injection energies for light ions allow a relaxed synchrotron operation at lowest magnetic field levels. A main argument for the DTL extensions however is an additional linac function as radioisotope facility driver. The 7.1 A MeV are especially defined for the clean production of 211At, which may play a future role in cancer therapy. The linac will allow for high duty factors - up to 10%, to fulfil the needs for efficient radioisotope production. Solid state amplifiers with matched design RF power levels (up to 600 kW for IH3) will be used.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE01
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022
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MOPOGE02	Status of the TOP-IMPLART Proton Linac	proton, MMI, radiation, experiment	138
	P. Nenzi, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, F. Fortini, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti, E. Trinca ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy M.D. Astorino ENEA, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Frascati, Italy
	The TOP-IMPLART (Intensity Modulated Proton Linear Accelerator for Radio Therapy) proton linac, is a RF pulsed linac, designed for protontherapy consisting of a low frequency (425 MHz) 7 MeV injector followed by a sequence of accelerating modules operating at 3 GHz under construction, assembly and test at the ENEA Frascati Research Center. The accelerator features also a vertical low energy (3-7 MeV) line for irradiation of samples in horizontal position. The segment currently completed includes 8 SCDTL modules up to 71 MeV grouped in two sections each one powered by a 10 MW klystron driven by a SCANDINOVA K100 modulator with a variable pulse length (1-5 us) at a repetition frequency of 25 Hz. The output current can be varied up to 30 uA. The beam is mainly used for radiobiology experiments and dosimetry systems tests, but the flexibility in beam characteristics makes it suitable also for applications different from protontherapy, as the irradiation of electronics components to verify their behavior in the space environment. In this work, the current status of the accelerator and beam characteristics measurements are presented with an overview of the experiments carried on it.
	Poster MOPOGE02 [7.021 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE02
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 September 2022
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MOPOGE03	Design of a Linear Accelerator for Isotope Production	DTL, rfq, ECR, target	142
	A. Pisent, C. Baltador, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, J. Esposito, L. Ferrari, A. Galatà, F. Grespan INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy L. Celona INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy P. Mereu INFN-Torino, Torino, Italy
	The recent accelerator developments allow the design of very efficient linear accelerators for various applications. The possible use of concepts, components and developments well established or recently achieved in larger projects will be illustrated, with some examples related to isotope production for medical applications.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE03
About •	Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 16 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022
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MOPOGE04	Cell Geometry Optimization for Dipole Kick Correction in a High-Frequency IH Structure	dipole, cavity, DTL, impedance	146
	R. López López, P. Calvo, D. Gavela, J. Giner Navarro, G. Moreno, C. Oliver, J.M. Pérez Morales CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain M.C. Battaglia, J.M. Carmona AVS, Elgoibar, Spain A.M. Lombardi CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: CIEMAT Given the asymmetry in the stem configuration of an IH-DTL structure, an electric dipole component is always present between drift tubes, and it is especially significant for reduced dimensions in high-frequency regimes. Here we study the effect of different modifications of the drift tubes geometry of a 750 MHz IH-DTL to eliminate the impact of the dipole component in the transverse beam dynamics. Tracking simulations through a single cell are also performed to assess the outcomes in particle’s trajectory offset and angle.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE04
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 September 2022
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MOPOGE05	Effect of High-Magnetic Field Region Geometry on the Efficiency of a 750 MHz IH Structure	cavity, simulation, impedance, software	150
	G. Moreno, P. Calvo, D. Gavela, J. Giner Navarro, R. López López, C. Oliver, J.M. Pérez Morales CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain M.C. Battaglia, J.M. Carmona AVS, Elgoibar, Spain A.M. Lombardi CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: CIEMAT High frequency structures generally translate to high efficiency performances thanks to reduced surfaces of the inner cavity. Two round-profiles geometry and some variations of two important parameters of a 750 MHz IH-DTL are proposed in this paper in order to improve shunt impedance performance regarding an existing solution with flat-walled cavity developed by CERN. The proposed designs are shaped such that they guarantee an easy connection of RF and vacuum auxiliaries. Electromagnetic simulations are checked with CST Microwave Studio.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE05
About •	Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2022
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MOPOGE06	Automatic RF Conditioning of S-Band Cavities for Commercial Proton Therapy Linacs	cavity, vacuum, controls, GUI	154
	S. Benedetti, M. Cerv, S. Magnoni, J.L. Navarro Quirante, S.G. Soriano AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The CERN spinoff company ADAM owned by Advanced Oncotherapy plc (AVO-ADAM) is completing the construction and testing of its first LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) system. Each LIGHT machine is composed by 20 accelerating modules: one 750 MHz RFQ, four 3 GHz Side-Coupled Drift Tube Linac (SCDTL) and 15 3 GHz Coupled-Cavity Linac (CCL). The company aims at delivering several similar LIGHT machines in the next years. A prerequisite to achieve such goal is the capability to complete the RF conditioning of the accelerating modules in a systematic and automatic way, with minimal inputs from RF engineers. In the past years ADAM developed an automatic conditioning system capable of increasing the main conditioning parameters ’ RF power, pulse width, repetition rate ’ while controlling the cavity breakdown rate and vacuum level. The system has been so far tested on about twenty accelerating structures with different brazing methodologies and RF accelerating voltages, proving its robustness. This paper discusses the ADAM automatic conditioning system design and its implementation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE06
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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MOPOGE07	High Power RF Transmission Lines of the Light Proton Therapy Linac	cavity, network, proton, controls	158
	J.L. Navarro Quirante, D. Aguilera Murciano, S. Benedetti, G. Castorina, C. Cochrane, G. De Michele, J. Douthwaite, A. Eager, S. Fanella, M. Giles, D. Kaye, V.F. Khan, J. Mannion, J. Morris, J.F. Orrett, N. Pattalwar, E. Rose, D. Soriano Guillén AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) machine is designed to accelerate a proton beam up to 230 MeV to treat deep seated tumours. The machine consists of three different kinds of accelerators: RFQ (Radio-Frequency Quadrupole), SCDTL (Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac) and CCL (Coupled Cavity Linac). These accelerating structures are fed with RF power at 750 MHz (RFQ) and 3 GHz (SCDTLs and CCLs). This power is delivered to the accelerating structure via the high power RF transmission network (RF network). In addition, the RF network needs to offer other functionalities, like protection of the high RF power feeding stations, power splitting, phase and amplitude control and monitoring. The maximum power handling of the RF network corresponds to a peak RF power of 8 MW and an average RF power of 9 kW. It functions either in Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) conditions at an ultimate operating pressure of 10^-7 mbar, or under pressurized gas. The above listed requirements involve different challenges. In this contribution we exhibit the main aspects to be considered based on AVO experience during the commissioning of the RF network units.
	Poster MOPOGE07 [1.075 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE07
About •	Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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MOPOGE08	Low Level RF System of the Light Proton Therapy Linac	LLRF, controls, cavity, rfq	161
	D. Soriano Guillén, S. Benedetti, M. Cerv, G. De Michele, Ye. Ivanisenko AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) project was initiated to develop a modular proton accelerator delivering beam with energies up to 230 MeV for cancer therapy. The machine consists of three different kinds of accelerating structures: RFQ (Radio-Frequency Quadrupole), SCDTL (Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac) and CCL (Coupled Cavity Linac). These accelerating structures operate at 750 MHz (RFQ) and 3 GHz (SCDTL, CCL). The accelerator RF signals are generated, distributed, and controlled by a Low-Level RF (LLRF) system. The LIGHT LLRF system is based on a commercially available solution from Instrumentation Technologies with project specific customization. This LLRF system features high amplitude and phase stability, monitoring of the RF signals from the RF network and the accelerating structures at 200 Hz, RF pulse shaping over real-time interface integrated, RF breakdown detection, and thermal resonance frequency correction feedback. The LLRF system control is integrated in a Front-End Controller (FEC) which connects it to the LIGHT control system. In this contribution we present the main features of the AVO LLRF system, its operation and performance.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE08
About •	Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022
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MOPOGE10	A Medical Linac for Affordable Proton Therapy	proton, cavity, cyclotron, radiation	167
	S. Hunt, J. Adélise, W.D. Klotz, R. Seviour, E.D. van Garderen Alceli Limited, Aberdeen, United Kingdom D. Correia PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Proton Therapy (PT) was first proposed in the 1940s. Application of this knowledge was largely led over the next fifty years by accelerator laboratories, but now also by commercial companies. Availability of PT is increasing but is limited by three factors: facility size, prompt/induced radiation, and treatment cost. Compact cyclotrons/synchro cyclotrons for single-room facilities have reduced space requirements. linacs can avoid high radiation levels. Yet treatment costs have remained stubbornly high, driven largely by maintenance and staffing costs over the typical 20-30 year facility lifetime. Current technology cannot simultaneously reduce these three factors. By using a long linac, the Alceli approach sacrifices size limitations, to gain massive improvements in treatment cost and radiation levels. Quadrupling the length of a linac results in a sixteen-fold reduction in RF power per cavity. Along with other innovations in our design, this leads to a modular warm linac with distributed solid-state RF amplification, easy and cheap to manufacture and maintain, requiring no water cooling, and a treatment cost of 1/10th of current facilities, making PT much more affordable.
	Slides MOPOGE10 [1.934 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE10
About •	Received ※ 15 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPOGE11	Update on the First 3D Printed IH-Type Linac Structure - Proof-of-Concept for Additive Manufacturing of Linac RF Cavities	cavity, vacuum, simulation, experiment	170
	H. Hähnel, A. Ateş, U. Ratzinger IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	Funding: This research was funded by BBMBF grant number 05P21RFRB2. Additive manufacturing ("AM" or "3D printing") has become a powerful tool for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of complex geometries. A 433 MHz IH-DTL cavity has been constructed to act as a proof of concept for additive manufacturing of linac components. In this case, the internal drift tube structure has been produced from 1.4404 stainless steel using AM. We present the concept of the cavity as well as first results of vacuum testing, materials testing and low level rf measurements. Vacuum levels sufficient for linac operation have been reached with the AM linac structure.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE11
About •	Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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MOPOGE14	Current Status of the Spoke Cavity Prototyping for the JAEA-ADS Linac	cavity, simulation, status, SRF	180
	J. Tamura, Y. Kondo, F. Maekawa, S.I. Meigo, B. Yee-Rendón JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan T. Dohmae, E. Kako, H. Sakai, K. Umemori KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has proposed an accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS) to efficiently reduce high-level radioactive waste generated at nuclear power plants. One of the challenging R&D aspects of ADS is the reliability of the accelerator. In preparation for the full-scale design of the CW proton linac for the JAEA-ADS, we are now prototyping a low-beta (around 0.2) single spoke cavity. Since there is no experience in Japan in manufacturing a superconducting spoke cavity, prototyping and performance testing of the cavity is essential to ensure the feasibility of the JAEA-ADS linac. In the Japanese fiscal year 2021, we have started welding cavity parts together. By preliminarily examining the electron beam welding conditions, each press-formed niobium part was joined with a smooth welding bead. The current status of the spoke cavity prototyping for the JAEA-ADS linac is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE14
About •	Received ※ 01 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 September 2022
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MOPOGE15	Operation of the H⁻ Linac at FNAL	operation, quadrupole, rfq, diagnostics	184
	K. Seiya, T.A. Butler, A. Hartman, D.C. Jones, V.V. Kapin, S. Moua, J.-F. Ostiguy, R. Ridgway, R.V. Sharankova, B.S. Stanzil, C.-Y. Tan, M.E. Wesley Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA M.W. Mwaniki IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA
	The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) Linac has been in operation for 52 years. the Linac delivers H⁻ ions at 400 MeV and injects protons by charge exchange into the Booster synchrotron. Despite its age, the Linac is the most stable accelerator in the FNAL complex, reliably sending 22 mA in daily operations. We will discuss the status of the operation, beam studies, and plans.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE15
About •	Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022
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MOPOGE16	Development of High-Gradient Accelerating Structures for Proton Radiography Booster at LANSCE	cavity, booster, proton, coupling	188
	S.S. Kurennoy, Y.K. Batygin, E.R. Olivas LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Increasing energy of proton beam at LANSCE from 800 MeV to 3 GeV improves radiography resolution ~10 times. We propose accomplishing this energy boost with a compact cost-effective linac based on normal conducting high-gradient (HG) RF accelerating structures. Such an unusual proton linac is feasible for proton radiography (pRad), which operates with very short beam (and RF) pulses. For a compact pRad booster at LANSCE, we have developed a multi-stage design: a short L-band section to capture and compress the 800-MeV proton beam from the existing linac followed by the main HG linac based on S- and C-band cavities, and finally, by an L-band de-buncher. Here we present details of development, including EM and thermal-stress analysis, of proton HG structures with distributed RF coupling for the pRad booster. A short test structure is designed specifically for measurements at the LANL C-band RF Test Stand. S.S. Kurennoy, Y.K. Batygin. IPAC21, MOPAB210.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE16
About •	Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 September 2022
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MOPOGE17	CST Modeling of the LANSCE Coupled-Cavity Linac	cavity, alignment, quadrupole, emittance	191
	S.S. Kurennoy, Y.K. Batygin LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	The 800-MeV proton linac at LANSCE consists of a drift-tube linac, which brings the beam to 100 MeV, followed by 44 modules of a coupled-cavity linac (CCL). Each CCL module contains multiple tanks, and it is fed by a single 805-MHz klystron. CCL tanks are multi-cell blocks of identical re-entrant side-coupled cavities, which are followed by drifts with magnetic quadrupole doublets. Bridge couplers - special cavities displaced from the beam axis - electromagnetically couple CCL tanks over such drifts within a module. We have developed 3D CST models of CCL tanks. The models are used to calculate electromagnetic fields in the tanks. Beam dynamics is modelled in CST for bunch trains with realistic beam distributions using the calculated RF fields and quadrupole magnetic fields. Beam dynamics results are crosschecked with other multi-particle codes and applied to evaluate effects of CCL misalignments.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE17
About •	Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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MOPOGE18	Design of IH-DTL to Accelerate Intense Lithium-Ion Beam for Compact Neutron Source	neutron, DTL, rfq, ion-source	194
	S. Ikeda, T. Kanesue, M. Okamura BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	We are studying feasibility of a compact neutron source with a lithium-ion beam driver. The neutron source com-prises a laser ion source, an RFQ linac, and an IH-DTL. Recently, we demonstrated 35-mA 7Li³⁺ ion beam acceler-ation by an RFQ linac with a laser ion source. Based on the result, we performed beam dynamic design of an IH-DTL to accelerate the lithium-ion beam to the energy required for the neutron production, 14 MeV. To obtain a realistic field distribution, we made a rough model of the IH-DTL cavity with Microwave studio. It was confirmed with GPT 3D beam simulation that 1.7-m and 200-kW IH-DTL with two triplets can accelerate 30-mA 7Li³⁺ beam.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE18
About •	Received ※ 02 September 2022 — Revised ※ 05 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2022
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MOPOGE19	Preliminary Study on the Cryogenic Control System Within RF Superconductive Linac Projects	controls, cryogenics, PLC, cryomodule	197
	H. Sibileau, M.L. Beniken ACS, Orsay, France T. Junquera Accelerators and Cryogenic Systems, Orsay, France D. Masson ISII-TECH, Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France
	Several RF Superconductive LINAC projects are underway in different laboratories around the world, with various objectives such as research in physics, irradiation tests, production of radioisotopes for medical purposes. Superconducting operation of the accelerating cavities requires them to be maintained at cryogenic temperatures (2K - 4K) by the use of cryogenic fluids. This requires a complete cryogenic control system, including sensors, actuators, local controllers and PLCs. We describe the process by which the preliminary design of the cryogenic control system for the accelerator’s cryomodules and valve boxes may be built. It starts with the functional and performance requirements of the system, followed by the definition of use cases and the study of the necessary cryogenic instrumentation. This leads to a preliminary design of the architecture of the cryogenic control system using Siemens hardware, as well as cryogenic sequences describing standard phases of operation of the LINAC. We also discuss how to take advantage of the modularity of cryomodules for control system implementation and some recent developments in PLC simulation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE19
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 October 2022
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MOPOGE21	A Superconducting 217 MHz Single Spoke Cavity for the Helmholtz Linear Accelerator at GSI	cavity, simulation, resonance, SRF	200
	F.D. Dziuba, K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu HIM, Mainz, Germany K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba KPH, Mainz, Germany K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany T. Conrad, H. Podlech, M. Schwarz IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by GSI, HIM, BMBF Contr. No. 05P18UMRB2 A new superconducting (SC) continuous wave (CW) linac, providing high efficient heavy ion acceleration above the coulomb barrier, is going to be built at GSI to fulfill the upcoming demands in the research field of super heavy element (SHE) synthesis. The so called HELIAC (HElmholtz LInear ACcelerator) delivers ion beams in the energy range of 3.5 MeV/u and 7.3 MeV/u with a mass to charge ratio (A/z) of up to 6. Superconducting multi-gap crossbar-H-mode (CH) cavities with a resonance frequency of 217 MHz are used for beam acceleration. In addition, SC single spoke buncher cavities should ensure longitudinal beam matching to the corresponding CH sections. Therefore, the first 217 MHz single spoke cavity with beta 0.07 has been developed at HIM/GSI and built at an industrial partner. In this paper the design of the cavity and first RF measurements during manufacturing are presented.
	Poster MOPOGE21 [2.619 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE21
About •	Received ※ 18 August 2022 — Revised ※ 24 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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MOPORI02	Implementation of an Advanced MicroTCA.4-based Digitizer for Monitoring Comb-Like Beam at the J-PARC Linac	monitoring, DTL, operation, MEBT	219
	E. Cicek, K. Futatsukawa, T. Miyao, S. Mizobata KEK, Ibaraki, Japan N. Hayashi, A. Miura, K. Moriya JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
	The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) linac beam pulse, generated by a beam chopper system placed at the MEBT, comprises a series of intermediate pulses with a comb-like structure synchronized with the radio-frequency of the rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS). The sequentially measuring and monitoring the comb-like beam pulse ensures the beam stability with less beam loss at the current operation and higher beam intensity scenarios at the J-PARC. However, signal processing as a function of the pulse structure is challenging using a general-purpose digitizer, and monitoring the entire macro pulse during the beam operation is unavailable. To this end, an advanced beam monitor digitizer complying with the MicroTCA.4 (MicroTelecommunications Computing Architecture.4) standard, including digital signal processing functions, has been developed. This paper reports the implementation, performance evaluation, and the first results of this unique beam monitor digitizer.
	Poster MOPORI02 [7.902 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI02
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPORI09	Linear Accelerator for Demonstration of X-Ray Radiotherapy with Flash Effect	electron, solenoid, radiation, target	243
	S.V. Kutsaev, R.B. Agustsson, S. Boucher, K. Kaneta, A.Yu. Smirnov, V.S. Yu RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA A.R. Li, K. Sheng UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
	Funding: This project is funded by NIH, award number NIH R01CA255432. Emerging evidence indicates that the therapeutic window of radiotherapy can be significantly increased using ultra-high dose rate dose delivery (FLASH), by which the normal tissue injury is reduced without compromising tumor cell killing. The dose rate required for FLASH is 40 Gy/s or higher, 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than conventional radiotherapy. Among the major technical challenges in achieving the FLASH dose rate with X-rays is a linear accelerator that is capable of producing such a high dose rate. We will discuss the design of a high dose rate 18 MeV linac capable of delivering 100 Gy/s of collimated X-rays at 20 cm. This linac is being developed by a RadiaBeam/UCLA collaboration for a preclinical system as a demonstration of the FLASH effect in small animals.
	Slides MOPORI09 [0.954 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI09
About •	Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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MOPORI11	Seismic Analysis for Safety Requirements of SPIRAL2 Accelerator	experiment, detector, simulation, vacuum	252
	C. Barthe-Dejean, F. Lutton, M. Michel GANIL, Caen, France
	The SPIRAL2 Accelerator at GANIL is a superconducting ion continuous wave LINAC with two associated experimental areas. Mechanical engineers have been highly involved in the design of SPIRAL2 equipments since the beginning of the project in 2004. During the development phase, Computer Aided Design and calculation codes have been used throughout the complete process : from the ion sources, the LINAC, the beam transport lines and the experimental halls equipped with detectors. SPIRAL2 has to meet different safety requirements, among which seismic hazard. This involves justifying that the integrity of the radiologic containment barrier is always maintained in case of earthquake. This paper reports the improvement in design and calculation methods performed by GANIL engineers to meet the seismic safety requirements, specificly the non-missility feature of the equpiment. The modal-spectral simulations, used to demonstrate the mechanical strength of equipments in case of earthquakes, was an important part of this design activity in the past 10 years New methods have been used to calculate welds, fasteners and the ground anchor of the structural supports of the heaviest equipments. C. Barthe-Dejean, F. Lutton, « Guide methodologique pour Calculs de Tenue aux Séismes des équipements mécaniques », Note STP-535-A
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI11
About •	Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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MOPORI22	High-Power Test of an APF IH-DTL Prototype for the Muon Linac	cavity, DTL, experiment, simulation	275
	Y. Nakazawa, H. Iinuma Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan E. Cicek, H. Ego, K. Futatsukawa, N. Kawamura, T. Mibe, S. Mizobata, N. Saito, M. Yoshida KEK, Ibaraki, Japan N. Hayashizaki Research Laboratory for Nuclear Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Y. Iwata NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan R. Kitamura, Y. Kondo, T. Morishita JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan M. Otani J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan Y. Sue, K. Sumi, M. Yotsuzuka Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan Y. Takeuchi Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan T. Yamazaki KEK, Tokai Branch, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan H.Y. Yasuda University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
	A muon linac is under development for a new muon g-2/EDM experiment at J-PARC. The muons are cooled to about room temperature and then re-accelerated to 212 MeV by four linear accelerators to produce a low-emittance muon beam. In the low-beta section, a short-range acceleration cavity with high efficiency needs to be developed to suppress the decay of muons. We propose a 324 MHz inter-digital H-mode drift-tube linac (IH-DTL) with high acceleration efficiency. The cavity can be downsized by introducing the alternating phase focusing (APF) method that provides transverse focusing only with an E-field. We have developed a prototype cavity that accelerates muons up to 1.3 MeV to demonstrate the principle. In this paper, the result of the high power test of the APF IH-DTL prototype is reported.
	Poster MOPORI22 [10.978 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI22
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 16 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPORI24	Monte Carlo Model of High-Voltage Conditioning and Operation	cavity, simulation, HOM, vacuum	283
	W.L. Millar, W. Wuensch CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland G. Burt Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
	To synthesise the experimental results and theory pertaining to high-field phenomena, a model has been developed to simulate the conditioning and operation of high-field systems. By using a mesh-based method, the high-field conditioning of any arbitrary geometry and surface electric field distribution may be simulated for both RF and DC devices. Several phenomena observed in previous high-field tests such as the probabilistic behaviour of vacuum arcs and the inhomogeneous distribution of arc locations are described by this approach.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI24
About •	Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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MOPORI26	Limits on Standing Wave Cavity Performance Due to Thermal Effects	cavity, simulation, proton, DTL	287
	S.J. Smith, G. Burt Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
	After an RF cavity has been designed, a thermal analysis is typically performed to assess the effects of RF heating on the operating frequency and field flatness. A multi-physics approach (coupled electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical) is normally employed, sometimes combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to incorporate flowing water, which is used for cooling in normal conducting structures. Performing a CFD analysis can add significant time to the design process because of the long and complex simulations and instead, approximations of the heat transfer coefficients and inlet/outlet water temperature rises are made and used directly in the multi-physics analysis. In this work, we first explore the limits of these approximations, identifying when they apply and how accurate they are. We then investigate different pipe geometries and water flow rates to find the thermal limits from RF heating on cavity performance.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI26
About •	Received ※ 17 August 2022 — Revised ※ 20 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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TU2AA01	Overview of ADS Projects in the World	proton, SRF, status, target	310
	B. Yee-Rendón JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
	Accelerator-driven subcritical systems (ADS) offer an advantageous option for the transmutation of nuclear waste. ADS employs high-intensity proton linear accelerators (linacs) to produce spallation neutrons for a subcritical reactor. Besides the challenges of any megawatt proton machine, ADS accelerator must operate with stringent reliability to avoid thermal stress in the reactor structures. Thus, ADS linacs have adopted a reliability-oriented design to satisfy the operation requirements. This work provides a review and the present status of the ADS linacs in the world.

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	Slides TU2AA01 [2.951 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TU2AA01
About •	Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 October 2022
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TU2AA02	SPIRAL2 Final Commissioning Results	MMI, cavity, rfq, operation	314
	A.K. Orduz, P.-E. Bernaudin, M. Di Giacomo, R. Ferdinand, B. Jacquot, O. Kamalou, J.-M. Lagniel, G. Normand, A. Savalle GANIL, Caen, France D.U. Uriot CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
	The commissioning of SPIRAL2 was carried out in different steps and slots from 2014 to end 2021. In a first phase, the proton-deuteron and heavy ion sources, LEBT lines and RFQ were commissioned and validated with A/Q=1 up to 3 particles. The validation of the MEBT (between the RFQ and the linac, including the Single Bunch Selector), linac and HEBT lines (up to the beam dump and to the NFS experimental room) started on July 2019, when GANIL received the authorization to operate SPIRAL2. The linac tuning is now validated with H⁺, 4He2+ and D⁺ and nominal H⁺ and D⁺ beams were sent to NFS for physics experiments. The main results obtained during the commissioning stages and the strategy used by the commissioning team are presented.

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	Slides TU2AA02 [3.724 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TU2AA02
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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TU2AA04	Commissioning of IFMIF Prototype Accelerator Towards CW Operation	rfq, MMI, simulation, operation	319
	K. Masuda, T. Akagi, A. De Franco, T. Ebisawa, K. Hasegawa, K. Hirosawa, J. Hyun, T. Itagaki, A. Kasugai, K. Kondo, K. Kumagai, S. Kwon, A. Mizuno, Y. Shimosaki, M. Sugimoto QST Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan T. Akagi, Y. Carin, F. Cismondi, A. De Franco, D. Gex, K. Hirosawa, K. Kumagai, S. Kwon, K. Masuda, I. Moya, F. Scantamburlo, M. Sugimoto IFMIF/EVEDA PT, Aomori, Japan L. Antoniazzi, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, A. Facco, E. Fagotti, F. Grespan, A. Palmieri, A. Pisent INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy F. Arranz, B. Brañas, J. Castellanos, D. Gavela, D. Jimenez-Rey, Á. Marchena, J. Mollá, P. Méndez, O. Nomen, C. Oliver, I. Podadera, D. Regidor, A. Ros, V. Villamayor, M. Weber, C. de la Morena CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain N. Bazin, B. Bolzon, N. Chauvin, S. Chel, J. Marroncle CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France P. Cara, Y. Carin, F. Cismondi, G. Duglue, H. Dzitko, D. Gex, A. Jokinen, I. Moya, G. Phillips, F. Scantamburlo F4E, Germany A. Mizuno JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo-ken, Japan Y. Shimosaki KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	Construction and validation of the Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) have been conducted under the framework of the IFMIF/EVEDA project. The LIPAc consists, in its final configuration, of a 100 keV injector and the world longest 5 MeV RFQ accelerator, followed by a MEBT with high space charged and beam loaded re-buncher cavities, an HWR-SRF linac, HEBT with a Diagnostic Plate, ending in a Beam Dump (BD) designed to stop the world highest deuteron current of 125 mA CW at 9 MeV. The beam commissioning at a low duty cycle of ~0.1 % led to a successful RFQ acceleration of 125 mA and 5 MeV beam in 2019. The following beam commissioning phase was initiated in July 2021 with a temporary transport line replacing the SRF linac. The major goals of this phase are to validate the RFQ, MEBT and BD performances up to CW and to characterize the beam properties in preparation to the final configuration with the SRF linac. This paper will present progresses made in this phase so far, such as a low-current and low-duty beam commissioning completed in Dec. 2021, CW operation campaign of the injector towards the nominal beam current, and RF conditioning of the RFQ towards CW.

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	Slides TU2AA04 [6.731 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TU2AA04
About •	Received ※ 27 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 September 2022
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TUPOJO01	Commissioning Plan of the IFMIF-DONES Accelerator	MMI, neutron, rfq, target	330
	I. Podadera, A. Ibarra, M. Weber Consorcio IFMIF-DONES España, Granada, Spain J. Aguilar, S. Becerril-Jarque, M. Luque, J. Maestre, D. Sánchez-Herranz, C. Torregrosa UGR, Granada, Spain F. Arranz, M. García, A. Ibarra, D. Jimenez-Rey, J. Mollá, C. Oliver, I. Podadera, D. Regidor, M. Weber, C. de la Morena CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain L. Bellan, A. Palmieri, A. Pisent INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy D. Bernardi, G. Micciché, F.S. Nitti ENEA Brasimone, Centro Ricerche Brasimone, Camugnano, BO, Italy B. Bolzon, N. Chauvin, S. Chel, A. Madur CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France P. Cara, G. Duglue Fusion for Energy, Garching, Germany J. Castellanos Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain T. Dézsi CER, Budapest, Hungary M.J. Ferreira Lund University, Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund, Sweden V. Hauer, Y.F. Qiu KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany W. Królas, U. Wiacek IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland T. Lehmann Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Fördertechnik und Logistiksysteme, Karlsruhe, Germany L. Macià, M. Sanmartí, B.K. Singh IREC, Sant Adria del Besos, Spain C.A. Martins Lund University, Lund, Sweden C. Prieto Empresarios Agrupados, Madrid, Spain
	Funding: Funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 - EUROfusion) IFMIF-DONES (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility- DEMO-Oriented Neutron Early Source) - a powerful neutron irradiation facility for studies and certification of materials to be used in fusion reactors - is planned as part of the European roadmap to fusion electricity. Its main goal will be to characterize and to qualify materials under irradiation in a neutron field similar to the one faced in a fusion reactor. The intense neutron source is produced by impinging deuterons, from high-power linear deuteron accelerator, on a liquid lithium curtain. The facility has accomplished the preliminary design phase and is currently in its detailed design phase. At the present stage, it is important to have a clear understanding of how the commissioning of the facility will be performed, especially the commissioning of a 5 MW CW deuteron beam, together with the lithium curtain and the beam optimization for the neutron irradiation. In this contribution, the present plans for the hardware and beam commissioning of the accelerator will be given, focusing on the most critical aspects of the tiered approach and on the integration of the procedure with the lithium and tests systems.
	Poster TUPOJO01 [2.038 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO01
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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TUPOJO03	Optimized Beam Optics Design of the MINERVA/MYRRHA Superconducting Proton Linac	cavity, target, diagnostics, rfq	337
	U. Dorda, L. De Keukeleere SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium F. Bouly, E. Froidefond LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France E. Bouquerel, E.K. Traykov IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France L. Perrot Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
	The MYRRHA design for an accelerator driven system (ADS) is based on a 600 MeV superconducting proton linac. The first stage towards its realization is called MINERVA and was approved in 2018 to be constructed by SCK•CEN in Belgium. This 100 MeV linac, will serve as technology demonstrator for the high MYRRHA reliability requirements as well as driver for two independent target stations, one for radio-isotope research and production of radio-isotopes for medical purposes, the other one for fusion materials research. This contribution gives an overview of the latest accelerator machine physics design with a focus on the optimized medium (17 MeV) and high energy (100 MeV) beam transfer lines.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO03
About •	Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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TUPOJO04	R&D for the Realization of a Very High Frequency Crossbar H-Mode Drift Tube Linac	cavity, DTL, vacuum, coupling	341
	M. Heilmann, C. Zhang GSI, Darmstadt, Germany H. Podlech IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	A 704.4 MHz Crossbar H-mode (CH) drift tube linac has been proposed for performing a radio frequency jump at ß = 0.2. Up to now, the highest frequency of the constructed CH cavities is 360 MHz. Simulations have shown that the operation frequency for an H210-mode cavity can be up to ~800 MHz. At 704.4 MHz, the cavity dimensions become small, which bring challenges for many practical problems e.g. construction, vacuum pumping and RF coupling. This paper presents the performed R&D studies for the realization of such a very high frequency cavity.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO04
About •	Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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TUPOJO05	Welding and Copper Plating Investigations on the FAIR Proton Linac	cavity, proton, simulation, coupling	345
	A. Seibel, T. Dettinger, C.M. Kleffner, K. Knie, C. Will GSI, Darmstadt, Germany M.S. Breidt, H. Hähnel, U. Ratzinger IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany J. Egly PINK GmbH Vakuumtechnik, Wertheim, Germany
	A FAIR injector linac for the future FAIR facility is under construction. In order to meet the requirements for copper plating of the CH-cavities, a variety of tests with dummy cavities has been per-formed and compared to simulation. Further dummy cavities have been produced in order to improve the welding techniques. In addition, the results on 3d-printed stems with drift tubes will be presented.
	Poster TUPOJO05 [2.863 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO05
About •	Received ※ 08 August 2022 — Revised ※ 14 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 24 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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TUPOJO06	Design and Test of Beam Diagnostics Equipment for the FAIR Proton Linac	proton, diagnostics, electron, beam-diagnostic	348
	T. Sieber, P. Forck, C.M. Kleffner, S. Udrea GSI, Darmstadt, Germany I. Bustinduy, .A. Rodríguez Páramo ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain J. Herranz Proactive Research and Development, Sabadell, Spain A. Navarro Fernandez CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	A dedicated proton injector Linac (pLinac) for the Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at GSI, Darmstadt, is currently under construction. It will pro-vide a 68 MeV, up to 70 mA proton beam at a duty cycle of max. 35µs / 4 Hz for the SIS18 synchrotron, using the UNILAC transfer beamline. After further acceleration in SIS100, the protons are mainly used for antiproton production at the Antiproton Annihilation Darmstadt (PANDA) experiment. The Linac will operate at 325 MHz and consists of a novel so called ’Ladder’ RFQ type, followed by a chain of CH-cavities, partially coupled by rf-coupling cells. In this paper we present the beam diagnostics system for the pLinac with special emphasis on the Secondary Electron Emission (SEM) Grids and the Beam Position Monitor (BPM) system. We also describe design and status of our diagnostics testbench for stepwise Linac commissioning, which includes an energy spectrometer with associated optical system. The BPMs and SEM grids have been tested with proton and argon beam during several beamtimes in 2022. The results of these experiments are presented.
	Poster TUPOJO06 [3.264 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO06
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022
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TUPOJO10	Hardware Commissioning With Beam at the European Spallation Source: Ion Source to DTL1	MMI, DTL, ion-source, rfq	360
	B. Jones, R.A. Baron, C.S. Derrez, F. Grespan, V. Grishin, Y. Levinsen, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, D.J.P. Nicosia, D. Noll, D.C. Plostinar, A.G. Sosa, E. Trachanas, R. Zeng ESS, Lund, Sweden C. Baltador, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, F. Grespan, A. Palmieri INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy I. Bustinduy, N. Garmendia ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain L. Neri INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	The European Spallation Source (ESS) aims to build and commission a 2 MW proton linac ready for neutron production in 2025. The normal conducting section of the ESS linac is designed to accelerate a 62.5 mA proton beam to 90 MeV at 14 Hz. The section consists of a microwave ion source, Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and 5-tank Drift Tube Linac (DTL). All sections are provided to ESS by in-kind partners across Europe. This paper reports the recent progress on the assembly, installation, testing and commissioning of the ESS normal conducting linac.
	Slides TUPOJO10 [2.397 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO10
About •	Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 15 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 September 2022
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TUPOJO11	Design of Beam Focusing System with Permanent Magnet for J-PARC LINAC MEBT1	octupole, MEBT, focusing, emittance	364
	Y. Fuwa, K. Moriya, T. Takayanagi JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
	Space charge compensation technology using higher-order multipole magnetic field components has been proposed to transport high-intensity charged particle beams for J-PARC LINAC MEBT1. In order to realize this compensation technology in a limited beam line space, we devised a compact-size combined-function multipole permanent magnet. This magnet can produce two multipole components at the same location on the beam line. As a first step, we have designed a magnet to simultaneously generate a fixed-strength quadrupole and an adjustable-strength octupole component using permanent magnet materials. In this magnet model, the magnetic circuit consists of two groups of magnets.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO11
About •	Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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TUPOJO13	Wire Scanner Systems at the European Spallation Source (ESS): Tests and First Beam Commissioning Results	detector, MEBT, MMI, controls	372
	C.S. Derrez, I. Bustinduy, E.M. Donegani, V. Grishin, H. Kocevar, J.P.S. Martins, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, T.J. Shea, R. Tarkeshian, C.A. Thomas, P.L. van Velze ESS, Lund, Sweden S. Cleva, R. De Monte, M. Ferianis, S. Grulja Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy I. Mazkiaran, A.R. Páramo ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain
	The ESS beam instrumentation includes 3 different type of Wire Scanners (WS). Double wires systems are deployed in the MEBT part of NCL, and single wires and flying wire instruments are being tested and installed in the higher energy sections of the ESS linac. First beam tests result from the MEBT systems will be presented. The superconducting linac WS systems are based on scintillator detectors and wavelength shifting fibers are mounted on the beam pipe. The detectors are coupled to long haul optical fibers, which carry the signals to custom front end electronics sitting in controls racks at the surface. The acquisition chain have been characterized at IHEP (Protvino, Russia), ELETTRA (Trieste, Italy), CERN PSB, CoSy (IKP, Germany) and SNS (USA) before installation in the ESS tunnel. The test results of this system design, differing from the standard approach where photomultipliers are coupled to the scintillator will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO13
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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TUPOJO14	Status of Testing and Commissioning of the Medium Energy Beam Transport Line of the ESS Normal Conducting Linac	MEBT, cavity, MMI, quadrupole	376
	A.G. Sosa, R.A. Baron, H. Danared, C.S. Derrez, E.M. Donegani, M. Eshraqi, V. Grishin, A. Jansson, M. Jensen, B. Jones, E. Laface, B. Lagoguez, Y. Levinsen, J.P.S. Martins, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, D.J.P. Nicosia, D. Noll, D.C. Plostinar, T.J. Shea, R. Tarkeshian, C.A. Thomas, E. Trachanas, P.L. van Velze ESS, Lund, Sweden I. Bustinduy, A. Conde, D. Fernández-Cañoto, N. Garmendia, P.J. González, G. Harper, A. Kaftoosian, J. Martin, I. Mazkiaran, J.L. Muñoz, A.R. Páramo, S. Varnasseri, A.Z. Zugazaga ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain
	The latest beam commissioning phase of the Normal Conducting Linac at ESS delivered a proton beam through the Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) into the first Drift Tube Linac (DTL) tank. The probe beam in MEBT consisted of 3.6 MeV protons of <6 mA, <5 microseconds pulse length and 1 Hz repetition rate. Following the delivery of the components at ESS in Lund in June 2019, the commissioning phase with the MEBT was completed in July 2022. In March 2022, the maximum beam current of 62.5 mA was transported up to the MEBT Faraday cup. This proceeding focuses on the status of MEBT including magnets, buncher cavities, scrapers and beam diagnostics designed and tested in collaboration with ESS Bilbao.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO14
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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TUPOJO21	The Pre-Injector Upgrade for the ISIS H⁻ Linac	ion-source, plasma, MEBT, MMI	398
	S.R. Lawrie, R.E. Abel, C. Cahill, D.C. Faircloth, A.P. Letchford, J.H. Macgregor, S. Patel, T.M. Sarmento, J.D. Speed, O.A. Tarvainen, M. Whitehead, T. Wood STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
	A new maintenance-free, high current, high duty-factor H⁻ linac pre-injector is being commissioned for the ISIS pulsed spallation neutron and muon facility. As well as delivering a low emittance-growth, loss-free beam, the pre-injector incorporates a chopper to facilitate arbitrary bunch time-structures. A 50 Hz, 0.9 ms (4.5% duty factor) RF-driven H⁻ ion source operates extremely reliably and with a large available parameter space via a novel microwave ignition gun and a wideband solid-state RF amplifier. A 202.5 MHz medium energy beam transport (MEBT) incorporates eight quadrupole magnets with integrated xy steerers, four quarter-wave re-bunching cavities, four extremely compact beam position monitors and an electrostatic chopper in just two metres of footprint. Beam has been extracted from the ion source and MEBT commissioning is due Spring 2023. Thereafter, the entire pre-injector will be soak-tested offline for a year before installing on the user facility.
	Slides TUPOJO21 [1.784 MB]
	Poster TUPOJO21 [3.053 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO21
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 16 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022
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TUPOPA10	Beam Dynamics and RF Design Studies for the New RFQ for CERN Linac4 Upgrade	rfq, emittance, radio-frequency, quadrupole	430
	H.W. Pommerenke, G. Bellodi, A. Grudiev, S. Kumar, A.M. Lombardi CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The 352 MHz Linac4-RFQ is the first rf accelerating structure of the CERN accelerator complex, accelerating an H⁻ beam to 3 MeV. After successful commissioning in 2013, superficial vane damage has been observed in 2020. In view that the RFQ is a single point of failure, in parallel to the production of a near identical spare (RFQ2), design studies on a longer-term upgrade have been launched: Linac4-RFQ3. Main goals are to achieve a design with higher beam acceptance, reduced beam losses, and reduced RF breakdown rate. Two versions of RFQ are under study: a conventional RFQ built by brazing copper, as well as an RFQ with titanium vane tips (brazed on copper). High-gradient experiments suggest that titanium vane tips support higher surface fields compared to copper, up to 40 MV/m, and are more resistant against beam irradiation. In this paper, we present beam dynamics and rfdesign of both variants of RFQ3.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA10
About •	Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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TUPOPA13	Pulsed DC High Field Measurements of Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Electrodes of Different Materials	radiation, rfq, cathode, vacuum	441
	R.C. Peacock, G. Burt Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom G. Bellodi, S. Calatroni, C.F. Da Palma Serafim, A. Grudiev, A.M. Lombardi, A.T. Perez Fontenla, S. Ramberger, E. Sargsyan, S. Sgobba, W. Wuensch CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Beam loss occurs in Radio Frequency Quadrupoles (RFQ), and has been observed in the H⁻ linear accelerator Linac4 (L4) at CERN. To determine if beam loss can induce breakdowns, and to compare the robustness of different materials, tests have been done using pulsed high-voltage DC systems. Electrical breakdown phenomena and conditioning processes have been studied using these systems. Cathodes of different materials were irradiated with 1.2x10¹⁹ H⁻ p/cm², the estimated beam loss of the L4 RFQ over 10 days. The irradiated electrodes were installed in a system to observe if the irradiated area coincided with the breakdown locations, with pulsing parameters similar to the RFQ. Tests of irradiated and non-irradiated electrodes of the same material were done for comparison. The main difference observed was an increase in the number of breakdowns during the initial conditioning that returned to non-irradiated sample values with further running. Visual observations after irradiation show the beam centre and a halo the same diameter of the beam pipe. Breakdown clusters occur in the centre and halo regions, suggesting irradiation is not the only factor determining the breakdown probability.
	Poster TUPOPA13 [3.845 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA13
About •	Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022
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TUPOPA16	Complete Study of the Multipactor Phenomenon for the MYRRHA 80 kW CW RF Couplers	multipactoring, electron, simulation, cavity	448
	Y. Gómez Martínez, P.-O. Dumont, M. Meyer LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France P. Duchesne, C. Joly, W. Kaabi Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
	MYRRHA [1] (Multi Purpose Hybrid Reactor for High Tech Applications) is an Accelerator Driven System (ADS) project. Its superconducting linac will provide a 600 MeV - 4 mA proton beam. The first project phase based on a 100 MeV linac is launched. The Radio-Frequency (RF) couplers have been designed to handle 80 kW CW (Continuous Wave) at 352.2 MHz. This paper describes the multipacting studies on couplers.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA16
About •	Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022
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TUPOGE02	Three Years of Operation of the SPIRAL2 LINAC: Cryogenics and Superconducting RF Feedback	cavity, cryogenics, cryomodule, operation	479
	P.-E. Bernaudin, M. Aburas, M. Di Giacomo, A. Ghribi, P. Robillard, L. Valentin GANIL, Caen, France
	The superconducting LINAC of SPIRAL2 at the GANIL facility is in operation since October 2019. Its 26 super-conducting quarter wave resonating cavities (88 MHz) are operated at a nominal gradient of 6.5 MV/m, but most of the cavities can be operated up to 8 MV/m. They are integrated into 19 cryomodules and cooled down at 4 K by a dedicated refrigeration cryogenic system. In this paper, we will present a feedback after five years of operation of the cryogenic system, focusing on the main problems that have been faced, and on the diverse evolutions performed in order to improve the cryogenic system and to increase its reliability. We will also provide a feedback of the superconducting cavities performances status after three years of operation
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE02
About •	Received ※ 27 July 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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TUPOGE03	Advanced Cryogenic Process Control and Monitoring for the SPIRAL2 Superconducting LINAC	cavity, controls, cryogenics, cryomodule	483
	A. Ghribi, M. Aburas, P.-E. Bernaudin, M. Di Giacomo, A.H. Trudel, Q. Tura GANIL, Caen, France P. Bonnay, F. Bonne CEA/INAC, Grenoble Cedex 9, France F. Millet CEA, Grenoble, France
	SPIRAL2 is a superconducting accelerator for protons, deuterons and heavy ions delivering a maximum beam power of 200 kW at 40 MeV (for deuteron beams). 26 superconducting quarter wave cavities are operated at 4.4 K, plunged in a liquid helium bath with a drastic phase separator pressure control. Previous years have seen the development of advanced process control for cryogenics allowing to cope with high heat load dynamics thanks to an automatic heat dissipation compensation and a model based control. The latter is based on models, using the Simcryogenics library, optimized and linearised in the Programmable Logic Controllers. The SPIRAL2 operation has demonstrated that such control allows to keep the specified conditions for RF and beam operation even at levels of heat load dissipation approaching the physical limits of the cryogenic system. These developments allowed to synthesise a virtual observer of the dynamic heat load dissipated by the cavities. The present paper summarises the development of such observer based on the physical thermodynamic model and on machine learning techniques.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE03
About •	Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 02 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 September 2022
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TUPOGE04	An Approach for Component-Level Analysis of Cryogenic Process in Superconducting LINAC Cryomodules	cryomodule, cavity, cryogenics, multipactoring	487
	C. Lhomme IJCLab, ORSAY, France D. Berkowitz Zamora, M.D. Grosso Xavier SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium F. Chatelet, P. Duthil, H. Saugnac Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France F. Dieudegard, C. Lhomme ACS, Orsay, France T. Junquera Accelerators and Cryogenic Systems, Orsay, France
	Powerful superconducting linear accelerators feature accelerating sections consisting in a series of cryomod-ules (CM), each hosting superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities cooled by a cryogenic process. Despite the extensive instrumentation used for the tests and valida-tion of the prototype cryomodules, it is usually very complex to link the measured global thermodynamic efficiency to the individual component performance. Previous works showed methods for assessing the global efficiency and even for allocating performances to sets of components, but few went down to a component level. For that purpose, we developed a set of techniques based on customized instrumentation, on dedicated test proto-cols, and on model-based analysis tools. In practice, we exposed the components to various operating conditions and we compared the measured data to the results from a detailed dynamic component model at the same condi-tions. This method was applied to the cryogenic debug-ging phase of the tests of the MINERVA prototype cry-omodule, which, despite the liquid helium shortage, led to an extensively detailed characterisation, for its valida-tion towards the serial construction.
	Poster TUPOGE04 [1.234 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE04
About •	Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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TUPOGE06	Performance Test of Mass-Production of HWR Cryomodules for SCL32	cavity, cryomodule, multipactoring, vacuum	491
	Y. Kim, J.W. Choi, D.H. Gil, H. Jang, Y.W. Jo, J. Joo, H.C. Jung, H. Kim, M.S. Kim, M. Kwon, M. Lee, J.H. Shin IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Y.U. Sohn PAL, Pohang, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by the Rare Isotope Science Project of Institute for Basic Science funded by Ministry of Science and ICT and NRF of Korea (2013M7A1A1075764) Mass production of the HWR (half wave resonator) cryomodules for SCL32 of RAON had been conducted since 2018 and all cryomodules were installed in the SCL3 tunnel in 2021. Total number of the HWR cavities and the HWR cryomodules are 10⁶ and 34, respectively. Cryomodule performance test was started in September 2020 and finished in October 2021, except for one bunching cryomodule that will be installed in front of the high energy linac. The detailed procedure and the results of performance test is reported in detail.
	Poster TUPOGE06 [1.211 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE06
About •	Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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TUPOGE13	Niobium to Titanium Electron Beam Welding for SRF Cavities	niobium, cavity, SRF, vacuum	515
	M. Parise, J. Bernardini, D. Passarelli Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. Titanium and niobium are the main materials used for the fabrication of Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities. These two metals are usually joined , using various welding techniques, using a third material in between. This contribution focuses on the development of an innovative electron beam welding technique capable of producing a strong bond between these two different materials. Several samples are produced and tested to assess the mechanical strength at room and cryogenic temperature as well as the composition of the resulting welded joint. Also, the first units of the Single Spoke Resonator type 2 (SSR2) cavities for the Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II [1]) have been fabricated joining directly various grades of titanium to niobium and results gathered through the fabrication will be reported.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE13
About •	Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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TUPOGE15	Prototype HB650 Transportation Validation for the PIP-II Project	cryomodule, ISOL, interface, resonance	523
	J.P. Holzbauer, S. Cheban, C.J. Grimm, J. Helsper, R. Thiede, A.D. Wixson Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA R. Cubizolles CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France M.T.W. Kane STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Funding: Work supported by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, managed and operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The PIP-II Project at Fermilab is centered around a superconducting 800 MeV proton linac to upgrade and modernize the Fermilab accelerator complex, allowing increased beam current to intensity frontier experiments such as LBNF-DUNE. PIP-II includes strong international collaborations, including the delivery of 12 cryomodules from European labs to FNAL (3 from STFC-UKRI in the UK and 9 from CEA in France). The transatlantic shipment of these completed modules is identified as a serious risk for the project. To mitigate this risk, a rigorous and systematic process has been developed to design and validate a transport system, including specification, procedures, logistics, and realistic testing. This paper will detail the engineering process used to manage this effort across the collaboration and the results of the first major validation testing of the integrated shipping system prior to use with a cryomodule.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE15
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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TUPORI03	Model Coupled Accelerator Tuning With an Envelope Code	simulation, ISAC, rfq, quadrupole	549
	O. Shelbaya, R.A. Baartman, O.K. Kester, S. Kiy, S.D. Rädel TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Funding: National Research Council Canada Frequent linac re-tuning is needed at TRIUMF-ISAC for the delivery of rare isotope beams at a variety of mass-to-charge ratios and beam energies. This operation is of appreciable complexity due to the nature of the accelerator, consisting of a separated function, variable output energy DTL paired with an RFQ. Reference tunes, computed from a variety of beam and accelerator simulation codes, are scaled according to the beam properties, though changing beam parameters at the sources requires manual tuning of matching section quadrupoles. Using an end-to-end envelope model of the machine in the code TRANSOPTR, these tunes can now be rapidly computed, and using beam diagnostic inputs to reconstruct the beam matrix, the model can be used to dynamically re-optimize the machine tune on-line.
	Poster TUPORI03 [1.257 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI03
About •	Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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TUPORI04	Cavity Failure Compensation Strategies in Superconducting Linacs	cavity, cryomodule, database, lattice	552
	A. Plaçais, F. Bouly LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
	RF cavities in linear accelerators are subject to failure, preventing the beam from reaching it’s nominal energy. This is particularly problematic for Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS), where the thermal fluctuations of the spallation target must be avoided and every fault shall be rapidly compensated for. In this study we present LightWin. This tool under development aims to create a database of the possible cavity failures and their associated compensation settings for a given accelerator. We apply it on the MYRRHA ADS, with a scenario including various faults distributed along the accelerator, and compare the settings found by LightWin to those found by the code TraceWin. We show that both tools find different compensation settings. We also outline the limitations of LightWin and explain the upcoming improvements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI04
About •	Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 20 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022
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TUPORI05	Beam Dynamic Simulations for the DTL Section of the High Brilliance Neutron Source	cavity, neutron, emittance, quadrupole	556
	S. Lamprecht, M. Droba, K. Kümpel, O. Meusel, N.F. Petry, H. Podlech, M. Schwarz, C. Zhang IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	As various experimental reactors in Europe are already or will be decommissioned over the next years, new neutron sources will be necessary to meet the demand for neutrons in research and development. The High Brilliance Neutron Source is an accelerator driven neutron source planned at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. The accelerator will accelerate a proton beam of 100 mA up to an end energy of 70 MeV, using 45 normal conducting CH-type cavities. Due to the high beam current, the beam dynamics concept requires special care. In this paper, the current status of the beam dynamics for the drift tube linac is presented.
	Poster TUPORI05 [0.917 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI05
About •	Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 24 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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Paper

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MO1AA01

Upgrades and Developments at the ISIS Linac

rfq, operation, MEBT, quadrupole

1

A.P. Letchford
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

The ISIS Spallation Neutron Source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in the UK has a 70 MeV H⁻ linac operating at 202.5 MHz. The linac consists of a 665 keV RFQ and a 4-tank Drift Tube Linac (DTL). In order to ensure continued reliability, increase performance and lay the groundwork for possible facility upgrades in the future a programme of R&D has been taking place in recent years. This paper will discuss three components of that programme: the complete replacement of DTL Tank 4; the design of a Medium Energy beam Transport (MEBT) between the RFQ and DTL; and the Front End Test Stand (FETS), a demonstrator for the front end of a future high current, high energy linac.

Slides MO1AA01 [26.001 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1AA01

About •

Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 September 2022

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MO2AA04

Electron Ion Collider Strong Hadron Cooling Injector and ERL

electron, cavity, emittance, hadron

7

E. Wang, W.F. Bergan, F.J. Willeke
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
S.V. Benson, K.E. Deitrick
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
D. Douglas
Douglas Consulting, York, Virginia, USA
C.M. Gulliford
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
C.E. Mayes, N.W. Taylor
Xelera Research LLC, Ithaca, New York, USA
J. Qiang
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Funding: The work is supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DESC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Intra-beam Scattering (IBS) and other diffusion mechanisms in the EIC Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) degrade the beam emittances during a store, with growth times of about 2 hours at the nominal proton energies of 275GeV, 100 GeV, and 41 GeV. Strong Hadron Cooling (SHC) can maintain good hadron beam quality and high luminosity during long collision stores. A novel cooling method ’ Coherent electron Cooling (CeC) ’ is chosen as the baseline SHC method, due to its high cooling rates. An Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is used to deliver an intense high-quality electron beam for cooling. In this paper, we discuss the beam requirements for SHC-CeC and describe the current status of the injector and ERL designs. Two designs of injector and ERL will be presented: one for dedicated SHC and another one for SHC with precooler.

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Slides MO2AA04 [4.436 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO2AA04

About •

Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022

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MO1PA02

Beam Commissioning of Normal Conducting Part and Status of ESS Project

MMI, DTL, rfq, LEBT

18

R. Miyamoto, C. Amstutz, S. Armanet, R.A. Baron, E.C. Bergman, A.K. Bhattacharyya, B.E. Bolling, W. Borg, S. Calic, M. Carroll, J. Cereijo García, J. Christensson, J.D. Christie, H. Danared, C.S. Derrez, E.M. Donegani, S. Ekström, M. Eriksson, M. Eshraqi, J.F. Esteban Müller, K. Falkland, A. Forsat, S. Gabourin, A. Garcia Sosa, A.A. Gorzawski, V. Grishin, P.O. Gustavsson, S. Haghtalab, V.A. Harahap, H. Hassanzadegan, W. Hees, J.J. Jamróz, A. Jansson, M. Jensen, B. Jones, M. Juni Ferreira, M. Kalafatic, I. Kittelmann, H. Kocevar, S. Kövecses de Carvalho, E. Laface, B. Lagoguez, Y. Levinsen, M. Lindroos, A. Lundmark, M. Mansouri, C. Marrelli, C.A. Martins, J.P.S. Martins, S. Micic, N. Milas, M. Mohammednezhad, R. Montaño, M. Muñoz, G. Mörk, D.J.P. Nicosia, B. Nilsson, D. Noll, A. Nordt, T. Olsson, L. Page, D. Paulic, S. Pavinato, A. Petrushenko, D.C. Plostinar, J. Riegert, A. Rizzo, K.E. Rosengren, K. Rosquist, M. Serluca, T.J. Shea, A. Simelio, S. Slettebak, H. Spoelstra, A.M. Svensson, L. Svensson, R. Tarkeshian, L. Tchelidze, C.A. Thomas, E. Trachanas, K. Vestin, R.H. Zeng, P.L. van Velze, N. Öst
ESS, Lund, Sweden
C. Baltador, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, F. Grespan, A. Pisent
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
I. Bustinduy, A. Conde, D. Fernández-Cañoto, N. Garmendia, P.J. González, G. Harper, A. Kaftoosian, J. Martin, I. Mazkiaran, J.L. Muñoz, A.R. Páramo, S. Varnasseri, A.Z. Zugazaga
ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain
A.C. Chauveau, P. Hamel, O. Piquet
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

The European Spallation Source, currently under construction in Lund Sweden, will be a spallation neutron source driven by a superconducting proton linac with a design power of 5 MW. The linac features a high peak current of 62.5 mA and long pulse length of 2.86 ms with a repetition rate of 14 Hz. The normal conducting part of the linac has been undergoing beam commissioning in multiple steps, and the main focus of the beam commissioning has been on bringing systems into operation, including auxiliary ones. In 2022, beam was transported to the end of the first tank of the five-tank drift tube linac. This paper provides a summary of the beam commissioning activities at ESS and the current status of the linac.

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Slides MO1PA02 [18.907 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1PA02

About •

Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 September 2022

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MO1PA03

First Years of Linac4 RF Operation

operation, klystron, controls, rfq

25

S. Ramberger, R. Wegner
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Following the construction, commissioning, run-in, and connection, in 2021 Linac4 at CERN saw its successful start-up to full operation. Being composed primarily of RF systems, occupying most of the tunnel and the equipment hall, a coordinated effort has been put in place by 4 RF teams providing cavities, amplifier chains, low-level RF and general control systems. While all parts came together with impressive performance from day one, many details required a considerable debugging effort to achieve the requested availability of at least 95% from first operation in the synchrotron complex. This talk will focus on issues in equipment reliability, radiation to electronics, thermal stability, systems interaction, as well as a few aspects of complex low-level RF setup. It will also discuss decisions taken with respect to spare policies and upgrades for the coming years.

Slides MO1PA03 [3.992 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1PA03

About •

Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022

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MOPOJO03

HELEN: A Linear Collider Based on Advanced SRF Technology

cavity, collider, SRF, linear-collider

31

S.A. Belomestnykh, P.C. Bhat, M. Checchin, A. Grassellino, M. Martinello, S. Nagaitsev, S. Posen, A.S. Romanenko, V.D. Shiltsev, A. Valishev, V.P. Yakovlev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
S.A. Belomestnykh
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
H. Padamsee
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, managed and operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
This paper discusses recently proposed Higgs-Energy LEptoN (HELEN) e+e’ linear collider based on advances superconducting radio frequency technology. The collider offers cost and AC power savings, smaller footprint (relative to the ILC), and could be built at Fermilab with an Interaction Region within the site boundaries. After the initial physics run at 250 GeV, the collider could be upgraded either to higher luminosity or to higher (up to 500 GeV) energies.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO03

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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MOPOJO09

A Compact Inverse Compton Scattering Source Based on X-Band Technology and Cavity-Enhanced High Average Power Ultrafast Lasers

photon, electron, laser, cavity

44

A. Latina, R. Corsini, L.A. Dyks, E. Granados, A. Grudiev, V. Musat, S. Stapnes, W. Wuensch
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
E. Cormier
CELIA, Talence, France
L.A. Dyks
Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom
G. Santarelli
ILE, Palaiseau Cedex, France

A high-pulse-current injector followed by a short high-gradient X-band linac is considered as a driver for a compact Inverse Compton Scattering source. We show that using a high-power ultrashort pulse laser operating in burst mode and a Fabry-Pérot enhancement cavity, X-rays with flux values over 10¹³ ph/s and photon energies up to MeV are achievable. The resulting high-intensity and high-energy X-rays allow for various applications, including cancer therapy, tomography, and nuclear waste management. A preliminary conceptual design of such a compact ICS source is presented, together with simulations of the expected performance.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO09

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Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 30 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 September 2022

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MOPOJO10

The Linac Test Facility at Daresbury Laboratory

electron, photon, operation, controls

47

A.E. Wheelhouse, R. Schnuerer
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
H.L. Gasson, N. Patel, D.H. Rowlands, I. Tahir
Teledyne-e2v UK Ltd, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
R. Schnuerer
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

The LINAC Test Facility (LTF) based at Daresbury Laboratory supports research and development of applications in medical, security, and environmental technologies through the operation of a Compact LINAC. This facility has been operated and upgraded over several years and this work has been performed in a collaboration between STFC and Teledyne e2v, enabling the facility to deliver an increased accelerating gradient of 6 MeV, which has broadened the capability to provide testing of radiotherapy and security scanning technologies. This paper de-scribes the developments undertaken, the benefits gained by both parties, and future planned improvements.

Poster MOPOJO10 [0.707 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO10

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Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2022

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MOPOJO11

Challenges for High-Energy X-Ray Security Screening Linacs

electron, detector, cavity, photon

50

M. Jenkins, J. Ollier, M.G. Procter
Rapiscan Systems Ltd, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom

X-ray based Cargo and Vehicle Inspection (CVI) systems are used for security and customs inspections at a variety of locations. To provide the maximum flexibility many users require mobile CVI systems to allow vehicles to be screened efficiently for threats and contraband. The need for mobile systems means that the linear accelerator, and ancillary systems, used to generate the x-rays must be compact, rugged, and reliable. These systems must meet image performance tests specified by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC also defines a standard for material discrimination. The requirements of these standards mean that the x-ray output produced by the linac needs to be consistent during and between scans, with the stability and repeatability of the output being critical. The tolerances on the linac output to meet the performance standards combined with the need for a compact system gives an unusual challenge for the linac design. A review of how different stability measures impact the performance tests is presented. This is compared to current technologies and possible future linacs used for mobile CVI systems.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO11

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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MOPOJO12

Design of a Compact Linac for High Average Power Radiotherapy

cavity, coupling, GUI, gun

53

C.D. Nantista, G.B. Bowden, Z. Li, M. Shumail, S.G. Tantawi
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
B.W. Loo
Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

We present the design of a compact, 10 MeV, 300 mA pulsed X-band linac developed for medical application. The layout, <1 m including gun, buncher, capture section and current monitor, is of a recent configuration in which the 36 main linac cavities are individually fed in parallel through side waveguide manifolds, allowing for split fabrication. Initially destined for experimental study of FLASH irradiation of mouse tumors, the design was developed as a prototype for realization of a PHASER cancer treatment machine, in which multiple linacs, powered sequentially from a common RF source, are to provide rapid treatment to patients from multiple directions without mechanical movement, delivering dosage on a time scale that essentially freezes the patient. In this paper, we focus on the RF design, beam capture optimization, mechanical design and fabrication of the linac itself, deferring discussion of other important aspects such as window and target design, experimental specification setting, radiation shielding and operations.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO12

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Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 September 2022

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MOPOJO14

New X-Band and S-Band Linear Accelerators at Varex Imaging

gun, GUI, target, electron

56

A.V. Mishin, B. Howe, J. Stammetti
Varex Imaging, Salt Lake City, USA

We have designed, built, and high power tested advanced linear accelerators equipped with our new 3 MeV X-Band Accelerator Beam Centerline ABC-3-X-T-X and a Reduced Spot (RS) S-Band ABC-7ER-S-T-RS-X with broad 3 MeV to 8 MeV energy regulation, which demonstrated excellent performance and superior beam quality. We are immensely proud of these recent accomplishments and would like to share the news with the community.

Poster MOPOJO14 [0.350 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO14

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Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 October 2022

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MOPOJO15

Low Energy Linac for Electronic Brachytherapy

electron, radiation, simulation, target

59

C.-J. Jing, P.V. Avrakhov, J.R. Callahan, B.T. Freemire, E. Gomez, R.A. Kostin, A. Liu, S. Miller, W. Si, Y. Zhao
Euclid TechLabs, Solon, Ohio, USA
D.S. Doran, W. Liu, J.G. Power
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
C.G. Liu, M. Pankuch
Northwestern University, Northwestern Medicine Proton Center, Warrenville, Illinois, USA
D. Mihalcea, P. Piot
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
W.D. Rush
KU, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
J.S. Welsh
Edward Hines Junior VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA

Funding: The project is supported by NNSA under Contract 89233121CNA000209.
The use of electronic brachytherapy (EB) has grown rapidly over the past decade. It is gaining significant interest from the global medical community as an improved user-friendly technology to reduce the usage of Ir-192. However, the present EB machines all use electron beams at energies of 100 kV or less to generate the X-ray photons, which limits their use to low dose-rate brachytherapy. We focus on the development of a compact and light weight 1-MeV linac to generate and deliver >250 kV X-ray photons to the patient. The device is intended to retrofit to existing brachytherapy applicators. In this paper we will report progress on this project.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO15

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 September 2022

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MOPOJO16

Cryogenic Accelerator Design for Compact Very High Energy Electron Therapy

cavity, coupling, distributed, electron

62

E.J.C. Snively, V. Borzenets, G.B. Bowden, A.K. Krasnykh, Z. Li, C.D. Nantista, M. Oriunno, M. Shumail, S.G. Tantawi
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
B.W. Loo
Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

Funding: This research has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-C02-76SF00515.
We report on the development of a cryogenic X-band (11.424 GHz) accelerator to provide electron beams for Very High Energy Electron therapy. The distributed coupling linac is designed with a 135° phase advance, capable of producing a 100 MeV/m accelerating gradient in a one-meter structure using only 19 MW when operating at 77 K. This peak power will be achieved through pulse compression of a 5-8 MW few-µs pulse, ensuring compatibility with a commercial power source. We present designs of the cryogenic linac and power distribution system, as well as a room temperature pulse compressor using the HE11 mode in a corrugated cavity. We discuss scaling this compact and economical design into a 16 linac array that can achieve FLASH dose rates (> 40 Gy/s) while eliminating the downtime associated with gantry motion.

Slides MOPOJO16 [1.320 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO16

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 18 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 September 2022

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MOPOJO18

Manipulation and Measurement of Polarization State for THz Coherent Undulator Radiation

polarization, electron, radiation, undulator

69

S. Kashiwagi, H. Hama, F. Hinode, T. Muto, I. Nagasawa, K. Nanbu, H. Saito
Tohoku University, Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Sendai, Japan
A. Irizawa
ISIR, Osaka, Japan
H. Zen
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

We are developing an accelerator-based terahertz source that can produce arbitrary polarization states from linearly polarized coherent undulator radiation (CUR). The polarization manipulation of the CUR can be realized using the Martin’Puplett interferometer employed as an optical phase shifter. This study also demonstrates a variable polarization manipulator by using the terahertz CUR (THz-CUR) source based on an extremely short electron bunch at Research Center for Electron Photon Science (ELPH), Tohoku University. The horizontally polarized CUR with a frequency of 1.9 THz was manipulated into variable polarization state, and Stokes parameters were measured to derive the degree of polarization. Beam experimental results will be presented in this conference.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO18

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Received ※ 09 September 2022 — Revised ※ 18 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2022

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MOPOJO19

Programmable SLED System for Single Bunch and Multibunch Linac Operation

klystron, cavity, operation, LLRF

73

C. Christou, P. Gu, A. Tropp
DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

The Diamond Light Source pre-injector linac generates single bunch and multibunch 100 MeV electron beams for top-up and fill of the storage ring. The linac is powered by two high-power 3 GHz klystrons, and both klystrons are required for reliable injection into the booster and storage ring. In order to introduce redundancy, a SLED pulse compression cavity has been installed so that the linac can operate from just one klystron, with the second klystron held as a standby. A simple phase flip can be used to generate a high-power transient RF spike, suitable for single bunch linac operation, and a programmable amplitude and phase drive profile can be specified to generate a constant-power klystron output suitable for multibunch operation. Details are presented of design, installation and high-power operation of the SLED system, and the ability to generate a long pulse, including corrections for klystron nonlinearity and deviations from modulator flat-top, is demonstrated.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO19

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Received ※ 09 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 September 2022

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MOPOPA03

Beam-Transient-Based LLRF Voltage Signal Calibration for the European XFEL

cavity, FEL, LLRF, operation

80

N. Walker, V. Ayvazyan, J. Branlard, S. Pfeiffer, Ch. Schmidt
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The European XFEL linac consists of 25 superconducting RF (SRF) stations. With the exception of the first station which is part of the injector, each station comprises 32 1.3-GHz SRF TESLA cavities, driven by a single 10-MW klystron. A sophisticated state-of-the-art low-level RF (LLRF) system maintains the complex vector sum of each RF station. Monitoring and maintaining the calibration of the cavity electric field (gradient) probe signals has proven critical in achieving the maximum energy performance and availability of the SRF linac. Since there are no dedicated diagnostics for cross-checking calibration of the LLRF system, a procedure has been implemented based on simultaneously measuring the beam transient in open-loop operation of all cavities. Based on methods originally developed at FLASH, the European XFEL procedure makes use of automation and the XFEL LLRF DAQ system to provide a robust and relatively fast (minutes) way of extracting the transient data, and is now routinely scheduled once per week. In this paper, we will report on the background, implementation, analysis methods, typical results, and their subsequent application for machine operation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA03

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 September 2022

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MOPOPA15

Three Years of Operation of the SPIRAL2 SC LINAC- RF Feedback

cavity, LLRF, controls, operation

98

M. Di Giacomo, M. Aburas, P.-E. Bernaudin, O. Delahaye, A. Dubosq, A. Ghribi, J.-M. Lagniel, J.F. Leyge, G. Normand, A.K. Orduz, F. Pillon, L. Valentin
GANIL, Caen, France
F. Bouly
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
S. Sube
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France

The superconducting LINAC of SPIRAL2 at the GANIL facility has been in operation since October 2019. The accelerator uses 12 low beta and 14 high beta supercon-ducting quarter wave cavities, cooled at 4°K, working at 88 MHz. The cavities are operated at a nominal gradient of 6.5 MV/m and are independently powered by a LLRF and a solid-state amplifier, protected by a circulator. Pro-ton and deuteron beam currents can reach 5 mA and beam loading perturbation is particularly strong on the first cavities, as they are operated at field levels much lower than the nominal one. This paper presents a feedback after three years of oper-ation, focuses on the RF issues, describing problems and required improvement on the low level, control and pow-er systems

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA15

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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MOPOPA19

Preparation for Commissioning with Beam of "Advanced Demonstrator" Module with Heavy Ion Beam

cavity, heavy-ion, MMI, solenoid

114

M. Miski-Oglu, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, S. Yaramyshev
HIM, Mainz, Germany
W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List
KPH, Mainz, Germany
H. Podlech, M. Schwarz
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

The integration of the accelerator components in to the cryogenic module prototype (Advanced Demonstrator) is a major milestone of the R&D for the superconducting heavy ion continuous wave linear accelerator HELIAC at GSI. The HELIAC is joint project of Helmholtz Institute Mainz (HIM) and GSI developed in collaboration with IAP Goethe University Frankfurt. This module is equipped with three superconducting (sc) Cross bar H-mode (CH) acceleration cavities CH0-CH2 and a sc rebuncher cavity, as well as two sc solenoids. The commissioning of the cryogenic module with Argon beam at GSI is scheduled for August 2023. In preparation for the beam test activities, the beamline, which connects the High Charge State Injector (HLI) with the testing area, has been installed. The beamline comprises a pair of phase probes for Time Of Flight (TOF) measurement of the incoming beam energy, quadrupole lenses and a 4-gap RF-buncher cavity. The beam diagnostics bench behind the cryo module is equipped with phase probe pairs, a slit-grid device, a bunch shape monitor (Feshenko monitor) for measurements of the longitudinal beam profile. The bench allows complete 6d characterization of the ion beam.

Poster MOPOPA19 [3.074 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA19

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 September 2022

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MOPOPA22

High-Gradient Accelerating Structure for Hadron Therapy Linac, Operating at kHz Repetition Rates

GUI, klystron, operation, hadron

126

S.V. Kutsaev, R.B. Agustsson, A.C. Araujo Martinez, A.Yu. Smirnov, S.U. Thielk
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
V.A. Dolgashev
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
B. Mustapha, G. Ye
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, under STTR grant DE-SC0015717 and Accelerator Stewardship Grant, Proposal No. 0000219678.
Argonne National Laboratory and RadiaBeam have designed the Advanced Compact Carbon Ion Linac (ACCIL) for the acceleration of carbon an proton beams up to the energies of 450 MeV/u, required for image-guided hadron therapy. Recently, this project has been enhanced with the capability of fast tumour tracking and treatment through the 4D spot scanning technique. Such solution offers a promising approach to simultaneously reduce the cost and improve the quality of the treatment. In this paper, we report the design of an accelerating structure, capable of operating up to 1000 pulses per second. The linac utilizes an RF pulse compressor for use with commercially available klystrons, which will dramatically reduce the price of the system.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA22

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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MOPOGE01

Linac Design within HITRIplus for Particle Therapy

synchrotron, rfq, cavity, operation

134

U. Ratzinger, H. Höltermann, B. Koubek, H. Podlech
BEVATECH, Frankfurt, Germany
M. Vretenar
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: EU Horizon 2020 Grant agreement No 101008548
Within the EU H2020 project HITRIplus for the development of cancer therapy with heavy ions a linac was designed. It is evolving from the concept of the 4 European cancer therapy centers applying light ions up to carbon. The new linac will in its simpliest version allow C⁴⁺ - beam injection into synchrotrons at 5 A MeV, with high beam transmission and allowing currents up to 5 mA alpha - particles. An advanced ECR - ion source will inject into an RFQ - IH-DTL combination. The DTL concept allows upgraded versions for A/q - values up to two and with beam energies of 7.1 A MeV from IH - tank2 and 10 A MeV from IH-tank3. The higher beam injection energies for light ions allow a relaxed synchrotron operation at lowest magnetic field levels. A main argument for the DTL extensions however is an additional linac function as radioisotope facility driver. The 7.1 A MeV are especially defined for the clean production of 211At, which may play a future role in cancer therapy. The linac will allow for high duty factors - up to 10%, to fulfil the needs for efficient radioisotope production. Solid state amplifiers with matched design RF power levels (up to 600 kW for IH3) will be used.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE01

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022

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MOPOGE02

Status of the TOP-IMPLART Proton Linac

proton, MMI, radiation, experiment

138

P. Nenzi, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, F. Fortini, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti, E. Trinca
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
M.D. Astorino
ENEA, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Frascati, Italy

The TOP-IMPLART (Intensity Modulated Proton Linear Accelerator for Radio Therapy) proton linac, is a RF pulsed linac, designed for protontherapy consisting of a low frequency (425 MHz) 7 MeV injector followed by a sequence of accelerating modules operating at 3 GHz under construction, assembly and test at the ENEA Frascati Research Center. The accelerator features also a vertical low energy (3-7 MeV) line for irradiation of samples in horizontal position. The segment currently completed includes 8 SCDTL modules up to 71 MeV grouped in two sections each one powered by a 10 MW klystron driven by a SCANDINOVA K100 modulator with a variable pulse length (1-5 us) at a repetition frequency of 25 Hz. The output current can be varied up to 30 uA. The beam is mainly used for radiobiology experiments and dosimetry systems tests, but the flexibility in beam characteristics makes it suitable also for applications different from protontherapy, as the irradiation of electronics components to verify their behavior in the space environment. In this work, the current status of the accelerator and beam characteristics measurements are presented with an overview of the experiments carried on it.

Poster MOPOGE02 [7.021 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE02

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 September 2022

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MOPOGE03

Design of a Linear Accelerator for Isotope Production

DTL, rfq, ECR, target

142

A. Pisent, C. Baltador, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, J. Esposito, L. Ferrari, A. Galatà, F. Grespan
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
L. Celona
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
P. Mereu
INFN-Torino, Torino, Italy

The recent accelerator developments allow the design of very efficient linear accelerators for various applications. The possible use of concepts, components and developments well established or recently achieved in larger projects will be illustrated, with some examples related to isotope production for medical applications.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE03

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 16 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022

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MOPOGE04

Cell Geometry Optimization for Dipole Kick Correction in a High-Frequency IH Structure

dipole, cavity, DTL, impedance

146

R. López López, P. Calvo, D. Gavela, J. Giner Navarro, G. Moreno, C. Oliver, J.M. Pérez Morales
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
M.C. Battaglia, J.M. Carmona
AVS, Elgoibar, Spain
A.M. Lombardi
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: CIEMAT
Given the asymmetry in the stem configuration of an IH-DTL structure, an electric dipole component is always present between drift tubes, and it is especially significant for reduced dimensions in high-frequency regimes. Here we study the effect of different modifications of the drift tubes geometry of a 750 MHz IH-DTL to eliminate the impact of the dipole component in the transverse beam dynamics. Tracking simulations through a single cell are also performed to assess the outcomes in particle’s trajectory offset and angle.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE04

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 September 2022

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MOPOGE05

Effect of High-Magnetic Field Region Geometry on the Efficiency of a 750 MHz IH Structure

cavity, simulation, impedance, software

150

G. Moreno, P. Calvo, D. Gavela, J. Giner Navarro, R. López López, C. Oliver, J.M. Pérez Morales
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
M.C. Battaglia, J.M. Carmona
AVS, Elgoibar, Spain
A.M. Lombardi
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: CIEMAT
High frequency structures generally translate to high efficiency performances thanks to reduced surfaces of the inner cavity. Two round-profiles geometry and some variations of two important parameters of a 750 MHz IH-DTL are proposed in this paper in order to improve shunt impedance performance regarding an existing solution with flat-walled cavity developed by CERN. The proposed designs are shaped such that they guarantee an easy connection of RF and vacuum auxiliaries. Electromagnetic simulations are checked with CST Microwave Studio.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE05

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2022

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MOPOGE06

Automatic RF Conditioning of S-Band Cavities for Commercial Proton Therapy Linacs

cavity, vacuum, controls, GUI

154

S. Benedetti, M. Cerv, S. Magnoni, J.L. Navarro Quirante, S.G. Soriano
AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland

The CERN spinoff company ADAM owned by Advanced Oncotherapy plc (AVO-ADAM) is completing the construction and testing of its first LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) system. Each LIGHT machine is composed by 20 accelerating modules: one 750 MHz RFQ, four 3 GHz Side-Coupled Drift Tube Linac (SCDTL) and 15 3 GHz Coupled-Cavity Linac (CCL). The company aims at delivering several similar LIGHT machines in the next years. A prerequisite to achieve such goal is the capability to complete the RF conditioning of the accelerating modules in a systematic and automatic way, with minimal inputs from RF engineers. In the past years ADAM developed an automatic conditioning system capable of increasing the main conditioning parameters ’ RF power, pulse width, repetition rate ’ while controlling the cavity breakdown rate and vacuum level. The system has been so far tested on about twenty accelerating structures with different brazing methodologies and RF accelerating voltages, proving its robustness. This paper discusses the ADAM automatic conditioning system design and its implementation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE06

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022

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MOPOGE07

High Power RF Transmission Lines of the Light Proton Therapy Linac

cavity, network, proton, controls

158

J.L. Navarro Quirante, D. Aguilera Murciano, S. Benedetti, G. Castorina, C. Cochrane, G. De Michele, J. Douthwaite, A. Eager, S. Fanella, M. Giles, D. Kaye, V.F. Khan, J. Mannion, J. Morris, J.F. Orrett, N. Pattalwar, E. Rose, D. Soriano Guillén
AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland

The LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) machine is designed to accelerate a proton beam up to 230 MeV to treat deep seated tumours. The machine consists of three different kinds of accelerators: RFQ (Radio-Frequency Quadrupole), SCDTL (Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac) and CCL (Coupled Cavity Linac). These accelerating structures are fed with RF power at 750 MHz (RFQ) and 3 GHz (SCDTLs and CCLs). This power is delivered to the accelerating structure via the high power RF transmission network (RF network). In addition, the RF network needs to offer other functionalities, like protection of the high RF power feeding stations, power splitting, phase and amplitude control and monitoring. The maximum power handling of the RF network corresponds to a peak RF power of 8 MW and an average RF power of 9 kW. It functions either in Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) conditions at an ultimate operating pressure of 10^-7 mbar, or under pressurized gas. The above listed requirements involve different challenges. In this contribution we exhibit the main aspects to be considered based on AVO experience during the commissioning of the RF network units.

Poster MOPOGE07 [1.075 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE07

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Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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MOPOGE08

Low Level RF System of the Light Proton Therapy Linac

LLRF, controls, cavity, rfq

161

D. Soriano Guillén, S. Benedetti, M. Cerv, G. De Michele, Ye. Ivanisenko
AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland

The LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) project was initiated to develop a modular proton accelerator delivering beam with energies up to 230 MeV for cancer therapy. The machine consists of three different kinds of accelerating structures: RFQ (Radio-Frequency Quadrupole), SCDTL (Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac) and CCL (Coupled Cavity Linac). These accelerating structures operate at 750 MHz (RFQ) and 3 GHz (SCDTL, CCL). The accelerator RF signals are generated, distributed, and controlled by a Low-Level RF (LLRF) system. The LIGHT LLRF system is based on a commercially available solution from Instrumentation Technologies with project specific customization. This LLRF system features high amplitude and phase stability, monitoring of the RF signals from the RF network and the accelerating structures at 200 Hz, RF pulse shaping over real-time interface integrated, RF breakdown detection, and thermal resonance frequency correction feedback. The LLRF system control is integrated in a Front-End Controller (FEC) which connects it to the LIGHT control system. In this contribution we present the main features of the AVO LLRF system, its operation and performance.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE08

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Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022

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MOPOGE10

A Medical Linac for Affordable Proton Therapy

proton, cavity, cyclotron, radiation

167

S. Hunt, J. Adélise, W.D. Klotz, R. Seviour, E.D. van Garderen
Alceli Limited, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
D. Correia
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Proton Therapy (PT) was first proposed in the 1940s. Application of this knowledge was largely led over the next fifty years by accelerator laboratories, but now also by commercial companies. Availability of PT is increasing but is limited by three factors: facility size, prompt/induced radiation, and treatment cost. Compact cyclotrons/synchro cyclotrons for single-room facilities have reduced space requirements. linacs can avoid high radiation levels. Yet treatment costs have remained stubbornly high, driven largely by maintenance and staffing costs over the typical 20-30 year facility lifetime. Current technology cannot simultaneously reduce these three factors. By using a long linac, the Alceli approach sacrifices size limitations, to gain massive improvements in treatment cost and radiation levels. Quadrupling the length of a linac results in a sixteen-fold reduction in RF power per cavity. Along with other innovations in our design, this leads to a modular warm linac with distributed solid-state RF amplification, easy and cheap to manufacture and maintain, requiring no water cooling, and a treatment cost of 1/10th of current facilities, making PT much more affordable.

Slides MOPOGE10 [1.934 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE10

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Received ※ 15 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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MOPOGE11

Update on the First 3D Printed IH-Type Linac Structure - Proof-of-Concept for Additive Manufacturing of Linac RF Cavities

cavity, vacuum, simulation, experiment

170

H. Hähnel, A. Ateş, U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Funding: This research was funded by BBMBF grant number 05P21RFRB2.
Additive manufacturing ("AM" or "3D printing") has become a powerful tool for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of complex geometries. A 433 MHz IH-DTL cavity has been constructed to act as a proof of concept for additive manufacturing of linac components. In this case, the internal drift tube structure has been produced from 1.4404 stainless steel using AM. We present the concept of the cavity as well as first results of vacuum testing, materials testing and low level rf measurements. Vacuum levels sufficient for linac operation have been reached with the AM linac structure.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE11

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Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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MOPOGE14

Current Status of the Spoke Cavity Prototyping for the JAEA-ADS Linac

cavity, simulation, status, SRF

180

J. Tamura, Y. Kondo, F. Maekawa, S.I. Meigo, B. Yee-Rendón
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
T. Dohmae, E. Kako, H. Sakai, K. Umemori
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has proposed an accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS) to efficiently reduce high-level radioactive waste generated at nuclear power plants. One of the challenging R&D aspects of ADS is the reliability of the accelerator. In preparation for the full-scale design of the CW proton linac for the JAEA-ADS, we are now prototyping a low-beta (around 0.2) single spoke cavity. Since there is no experience in Japan in manufacturing a superconducting spoke cavity, prototyping and performance testing of the cavity is essential to ensure the feasibility of the JAEA-ADS linac. In the Japanese fiscal year 2021, we have started welding cavity parts together. By preliminarily examining the electron beam welding conditions, each press-formed niobium part was joined with a smooth welding bead. The current status of the spoke cavity prototyping for the JAEA-ADS linac is presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE14

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Received ※ 01 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 September 2022

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MOPOGE15

Operation of the H⁻ Linac at FNAL

operation, quadrupole, rfq, diagnostics

184

K. Seiya, T.A. Butler, A. Hartman, D.C. Jones, V.V. Kapin, S. Moua, J.-F. Ostiguy, R. Ridgway, R.V. Sharankova, B.S. Stanzil, C.-Y. Tan, M.E. Wesley
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
M.W. Mwaniki
IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA

The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) Linac has been in operation for 52 years. the Linac delivers H⁻ ions at 400 MeV and injects protons by charge exchange into the Booster synchrotron. Despite its age, the Linac is the most stable accelerator in the FNAL complex, reliably sending 22 mA in daily operations. We will discuss the status of the operation, beam studies, and plans.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE15

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Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022

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MOPOGE16

Development of High-Gradient Accelerating Structures for Proton Radiography Booster at LANSCE

cavity, booster, proton, coupling

188

S.S. Kurennoy, Y.K. Batygin, E.R. Olivas
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Increasing energy of proton beam at LANSCE from 800 MeV to 3 GeV improves radiography resolution ~10 times. We propose accomplishing this energy boost with a compact cost-effective linac based on normal conducting high-gradient (HG) RF accelerating structures. Such an unusual proton linac is feasible for proton radiography (pRad), which operates with very short beam (and RF) pulses. For a compact pRad booster at LANSCE, we have developed a multi-stage design: a short L-band section to capture and compress the 800-MeV proton beam from the existing linac followed by the main HG linac based on S- and C-band cavities, and finally, by an L-band de-buncher*. Here we present details of development, including EM and thermal-stress analysis, of proton HG structures with distributed RF coupling for the pRad booster. A short test structure is designed specifically for measurements at the LANL C-band RF Test Stand.
* S.S. Kurennoy, Y.K. Batygin. IPAC21, MOPAB210.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE16

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Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 September 2022

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MOPOGE17

CST Modeling of the LANSCE Coupled-Cavity Linac

cavity, alignment, quadrupole, emittance

191

S.S. Kurennoy, Y.K. Batygin
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

The 800-MeV proton linac at LANSCE consists of a drift-tube linac, which brings the beam to 100 MeV, followed by 44 modules of a coupled-cavity linac (CCL). Each CCL module contains multiple tanks, and it is fed by a single 805-MHz klystron. CCL tanks are multi-cell blocks of identical re-entrant side-coupled cavities, which are followed by drifts with magnetic quadrupole doublets. Bridge couplers - special cavities displaced from the beam axis - electromagnetically couple CCL tanks over such drifts within a module. We have developed 3D CST models of CCL tanks. The models are used to calculate electromagnetic fields in the tanks. Beam dynamics is modelled in CST for bunch trains with realistic beam distributions using the calculated RF fields and quadrupole magnetic fields. Beam dynamics results are crosschecked with other multi-particle codes and applied to evaluate effects of CCL misalignments.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE17

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Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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MOPOGE18

Design of IH-DTL to Accelerate Intense Lithium-Ion Beam for Compact Neutron Source

neutron, DTL, rfq, ion-source

194

S. Ikeda, T. Kanesue, M. Okamura
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

We are studying feasibility of a compact neutron source with a lithium-ion beam driver. The neutron source com-prises a laser ion source, an RFQ linac, and an IH-DTL. Recently, we demonstrated 35-mA 7Li³⁺ ion beam acceler-ation by an RFQ linac with a laser ion source. Based on the result, we performed beam dynamic design of an IH-DTL to accelerate the lithium-ion beam to the energy required for the neutron production, 14 MeV. To obtain a realistic field distribution, we made a rough model of the IH-DTL cavity with Microwave studio. It was confirmed with GPT 3D beam simulation that 1.7-m and 200-kW IH-DTL with two triplets can accelerate 30-mA 7Li³⁺ beam.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE18

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Received ※ 02 September 2022 — Revised ※ 05 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2022

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MOPOGE19

Preliminary Study on the Cryogenic Control System Within RF Superconductive Linac Projects

controls, cryogenics, PLC, cryomodule

197

H. Sibileau, M.L. Beniken
ACS, Orsay, France
T. Junquera
Accelerators and Cryogenic Systems, Orsay, France
D. Masson
ISII-TECH, Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France

Several RF Superconductive LINAC projects are underway in different laboratories around the world, with various objectives such as research in physics, irradiation tests, production of radioisotopes for medical purposes. Superconducting operation of the accelerating cavities requires them to be maintained at cryogenic temperatures (2K - 4K) by the use of cryogenic fluids. This requires a complete cryogenic control system, including sensors, actuators, local controllers and PLCs. We describe the process by which the preliminary design of the cryogenic control system for the accelerator’s cryomodules and valve boxes may be built. It starts with the functional and performance requirements of the system, followed by the definition of use cases and the study of the necessary cryogenic instrumentation. This leads to a preliminary design of the architecture of the cryogenic control system using Siemens hardware, as well as cryogenic sequences describing standard phases of operation of the LINAC. We also discuss how to take advantage of the modularity of cryomodules for control system implementation and some recent developments in PLC simulation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE19

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 October 2022

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MOPOGE21

A Superconducting 217 MHz Single Spoke Cavity for the Helmholtz Linear Accelerator at GSI

cavity, simulation, resonance, SRF

200

F.D. Dziuba, K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu
HIM, Mainz, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba
KPH, Mainz, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
T. Conrad, H. Podlech, M. Schwarz
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Funding: Work supported by GSI, HIM, BMBF Contr. No. 05P18UMRB2
A new superconducting (SC) continuous wave (CW) linac, providing high efficient heavy ion acceleration above the coulomb barrier, is going to be built at GSI to fulfill the upcoming demands in the research field of super heavy element (SHE) synthesis. The so called HELIAC (HElmholtz LInear ACcelerator) delivers ion beams in the energy range of 3.5 MeV/u and 7.3 MeV/u with a mass to charge ratio (A/z) of up to 6. Superconducting multi-gap crossbar-H-mode (CH) cavities with a resonance frequency of 217 MHz are used for beam acceleration. In addition, SC single spoke buncher cavities should ensure longitudinal beam matching to the corresponding CH sections. Therefore, the first 217 MHz single spoke cavity with beta 0.07 has been developed at HIM/GSI and built at an industrial partner. In this paper the design of the cavity and first RF measurements during manufacturing are presented.

Poster MOPOGE21 [2.619 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE21

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Received ※ 18 August 2022 — Revised ※ 24 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022

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MOPORI02

Implementation of an Advanced MicroTCA.4-based Digitizer for Monitoring Comb-Like Beam at the J-PARC Linac

monitoring, DTL, operation, MEBT

219

E. Cicek, K. Futatsukawa, T. Miyao, S. Mizobata
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
N. Hayashi, A. Miura, K. Moriya
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan

The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) linac beam pulse, generated by a beam chopper system placed at the MEBT, comprises a series of intermediate pulses with a comb-like structure synchronized with the radio-frequency of the rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS). The sequentially measuring and monitoring the comb-like beam pulse ensures the beam stability with less beam loss at the current operation and higher beam intensity scenarios at the J-PARC. However, signal processing as a function of the pulse structure is challenging using a general-purpose digitizer, and monitoring the entire macro pulse during the beam operation is unavailable. To this end, an advanced beam monitor digitizer complying with the MicroTCA.4 (MicroTelecommunications Computing Architecture.4) standard, including digital signal processing functions, has been developed. This paper reports the implementation, performance evaluation, and the first results of this unique beam monitor digitizer.

Poster MOPORI02 [7.902 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI02

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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MOPORI09

Linear Accelerator for Demonstration of X-Ray Radiotherapy with Flash Effect

electron, solenoid, radiation, target

243

S.V. Kutsaev, R.B. Agustsson, S. Boucher, K. Kaneta, A.Yu. Smirnov, V.S. Yu
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
A.R. Li, K. Sheng
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

Funding: This project is funded by NIH, award number NIH R01CA255432.
Emerging evidence indicates that the therapeutic window of radiotherapy can be significantly increased using ultra-high dose rate dose delivery (FLASH), by which the normal tissue injury is reduced without compromising tumor cell killing. The dose rate required for FLASH is 40 Gy/s or higher, 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than conventional radiotherapy. Among the major technical challenges in achieving the FLASH dose rate with X-rays is a linear accelerator that is capable of producing such a high dose rate. We will discuss the design of a high dose rate 18 MeV linac capable of delivering 100 Gy/s of collimated X-rays at 20 cm. This linac is being developed by a RadiaBeam/UCLA collaboration for a preclinical system as a demonstration of the FLASH effect in small animals.

Slides MOPORI09 [0.954 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI09

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Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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MOPORI11

Seismic Analysis for Safety Requirements of SPIRAL2 Accelerator

experiment, detector, simulation, vacuum

252

C. Barthe-Dejean, F. Lutton, M. Michel
GANIL, Caen, France

The SPIRAL2 Accelerator at GANIL is a superconducting ion continuous wave LINAC with two associated experimental areas. Mechanical engineers have been highly involved in the design of SPIRAL2 equipments since the beginning of the project in 2004. During the development phase, Computer Aided Design and calculation codes have been used throughout the complete process : from the ion sources, the LINAC, the beam transport lines and the experimental halls equipped with detectors. SPIRAL2 has to meet different safety requirements, among which seismic hazard. This involves justifying that the integrity of the radiologic containment barrier is always maintained in case of earthquake. This paper reports the improvement in design and calculation methods performed by GANIL engineers to meet the seismic safety requirements, specificly the non-missility feature of the equpiment. The modal-spectral simulations, used to demonstrate the mechanical strength of equipments in case of earthquakes, was an important part of this design activity in the past 10 years New methods have been used to calculate welds, fasteners and the ground anchor of the structural supports of the heaviest equipments.
C. Barthe-Dejean, F. Lutton, « Guide methodologique pour Calculs de Tenue aux Séismes des équipements mécaniques », Note STP-535-A

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI11

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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MOPORI22

High-Power Test of an APF IH-DTL Prototype for the Muon Linac

cavity, DTL, experiment, simulation

275

Y. Nakazawa, H. Iinuma
Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
E. Cicek, H. Ego, K. Futatsukawa, N. Kawamura, T. Mibe, S. Mizobata, N. Saito, M. Yoshida
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
N. Hayashizaki
Research Laboratory for Nuclear Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Y. Iwata
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
R. Kitamura, Y. Kondo, T. Morishita
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
M. Otani
J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
Y. Sue, K. Sumi, M. Yotsuzuka
Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
Y. Takeuchi
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
T. Yamazaki
KEK, Tokai Branch, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan
H.Y. Yasuda
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

A muon linac is under development for a new muon g-2/EDM experiment at J-PARC. The muons are cooled to about room temperature and then re-accelerated to 212 MeV by four linear accelerators to produce a low-emittance muon beam. In the low-beta section, a short-range acceleration cavity with high efficiency needs to be developed to suppress the decay of muons. We propose a 324 MHz inter-digital H-mode drift-tube linac (IH-DTL) with high acceleration efficiency. The cavity can be downsized by introducing the alternating phase focusing (APF) method that provides transverse focusing only with an E-field. We have developed a prototype cavity that accelerates muons up to 1.3 MeV to demonstrate the principle. In this paper, the result of the high power test of the APF IH-DTL prototype is reported.

Poster MOPORI22 [10.978 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI22

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 16 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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MOPORI24

Monte Carlo Model of High-Voltage Conditioning and Operation

cavity, simulation, HOM, vacuum

283

W.L. Millar, W. Wuensch
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
G. Burt
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

To synthesise the experimental results and theory pertaining to high-field phenomena, a model has been developed to simulate the conditioning and operation of high-field systems. By using a mesh-based method, the high-field conditioning of any arbitrary geometry and surface electric field distribution may be simulated for both RF and DC devices. Several phenomena observed in previous high-field tests such as the probabilistic behaviour of vacuum arcs and the inhomogeneous distribution of arc locations are described by this approach.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI24

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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MOPORI26

Limits on Standing Wave Cavity Performance Due to Thermal Effects

cavity, simulation, proton, DTL

287

S.J. Smith, G. Burt
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

After an RF cavity has been designed, a thermal analysis is typically performed to assess the effects of RF heating on the operating frequency and field flatness. A multi-physics approach (coupled electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical) is normally employed, sometimes combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to incorporate flowing water, which is used for cooling in normal conducting structures. Performing a CFD analysis can add significant time to the design process because of the long and complex simulations and instead, approximations of the heat transfer coefficients and inlet/outlet water temperature rises are made and used directly in the multi-physics analysis. In this work, we first explore the limits of these approximations, identifying when they apply and how accurate they are. We then investigate different pipe geometries and water flow rates to find the thermal limits from RF heating on cavity performance.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI26

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Received ※ 17 August 2022 — Revised ※ 20 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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TU2AA01

Overview of ADS Projects in the World

proton, SRF, status, target

310

B. Yee-Rendón
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan

Accelerator-driven subcritical systems (ADS) offer an advantageous option for the transmutation of nuclear waste. ADS employs high-intensity proton linear accelerators (linacs) to produce spallation neutrons for a subcritical reactor. Besides the challenges of any megawatt proton machine, ADS accelerator must operate with stringent reliability to avoid thermal stress in the reactor structures. Thus, ADS linacs have adopted a reliability-oriented design to satisfy the operation requirements. This work provides a review and the present status of the ADS linacs in the world.

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Slides TU2AA01 [2.951 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TU2AA01

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Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 October 2022

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TU2AA02

SPIRAL2 Final Commissioning Results

MMI, cavity, rfq, operation

314

A.K. Orduz, P.-E. Bernaudin, M. Di Giacomo, R. Ferdinand, B. Jacquot, O. Kamalou, J.-M. Lagniel, G. Normand, A. Savalle
GANIL, Caen, France
D.U. Uriot
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France

The commissioning of SPIRAL2 was carried out in different steps and slots from 2014 to end 2021. In a first phase, the proton-deuteron and heavy ion sources, LEBT lines and RFQ were commissioned and validated with A/Q=1 up to 3 particles. The validation of the MEBT (between the RFQ and the linac, including the Single Bunch Selector), linac and HEBT lines (up to the beam dump and to the NFS experimental room) started on July 2019, when GANIL received the authorization to operate SPIRAL2. The linac tuning is now validated with H⁺, 4He2+ and D⁺ and nominal H⁺ and D⁺ beams were sent to NFS for physics experiments. The main results obtained during the commissioning stages and the strategy used by the commissioning team are presented.

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Slides TU2AA02 [3.724 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TU2AA02

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TU2AA04

Commissioning of IFMIF Prototype Accelerator Towards CW Operation

rfq, MMI, simulation, operation

319

K. Masuda, T. Akagi, A. De Franco, T. Ebisawa, K. Hasegawa, K. Hirosawa, J. Hyun, T. Itagaki, A. Kasugai, K. Kondo, K. Kumagai, S. Kwon, A. Mizuno, Y. Shimosaki, M. Sugimoto
QST Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan
T. Akagi, Y. Carin, F. Cismondi, A. De Franco, D. Gex, K. Hirosawa, K. Kumagai, S. Kwon, K. Masuda, I. Moya, F. Scantamburlo, M. Sugimoto
IFMIF/EVEDA PT, Aomori, Japan
L. Antoniazzi, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, A. Facco, E. Fagotti, F. Grespan, A. Palmieri, A. Pisent
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
F. Arranz, B. Brañas, J. Castellanos, D. Gavela, D. Jimenez-Rey, Á. Marchena, J. Mollá, P. Méndez, O. Nomen, C. Oliver, I. Podadera, D. Regidor, A. Ros, V. Villamayor, M. Weber, C. de la Morena
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
N. Bazin, B. Bolzon, N. Chauvin, S. Chel, J. Marroncle
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
P. Cara, Y. Carin, F. Cismondi, G. Duglue, H. Dzitko, D. Gex, A. Jokinen, I. Moya, G. Phillips, F. Scantamburlo
F4E, Germany
A. Mizuno
JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo-ken, Japan
Y. Shimosaki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Construction and validation of the Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) have been conducted under the framework of the IFMIF/EVEDA project. The LIPAc consists, in its final configuration, of a 100 keV injector and the world longest 5 MeV RFQ accelerator, followed by a MEBT with high space charged and beam loaded re-buncher cavities, an HWR-SRF linac, HEBT with a Diagnostic Plate, ending in a Beam Dump (BD) designed to stop the world highest deuteron current of 125 mA CW at 9 MeV. The beam commissioning at a low duty cycle of ~0.1 % led to a successful RFQ acceleration of 125 mA and 5 MeV beam in 2019. The following beam commissioning phase was initiated in July 2021 with a temporary transport line replacing the SRF linac. The major goals of this phase are to validate the RFQ, MEBT and BD performances up to CW and to characterize the beam properties in preparation to the final configuration with the SRF linac. This paper will present progresses made in this phase so far, such as a low-current and low-duty beam commissioning completed in Dec. 2021, CW operation campaign of the injector towards the nominal beam current, and RF conditioning of the RFQ towards CW.

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Slides TU2AA04 [6.731 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TU2AA04

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Received ※ 27 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 September 2022

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TUPOJO01

Commissioning Plan of the IFMIF-DONES Accelerator

MMI, neutron, rfq, target

330

I. Podadera, A. Ibarra, M. Weber
Consorcio IFMIF-DONES España, Granada, Spain
J. Aguilar, S. Becerril-Jarque, M. Luque, J. Maestre, D. Sánchez-Herranz, C. Torregrosa
UGR, Granada, Spain
F. Arranz, M. García, A. Ibarra, D. Jimenez-Rey, J. Mollá, C. Oliver, I. Podadera, D. Regidor, M. Weber, C. de la Morena
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
L. Bellan, A. Palmieri, A. Pisent
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
D. Bernardi, G. Micciché, F.S. Nitti
ENEA Brasimone, Centro Ricerche Brasimone, Camugnano, BO, Italy
B. Bolzon, N. Chauvin, S. Chel, A. Madur
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
P. Cara, G. Duglue
Fusion for Energy, Garching, Germany
J. Castellanos
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
T. Dézsi
CER, Budapest, Hungary
M.J. Ferreira
Lund University, Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund, Sweden
V. Hauer, Y.F. Qiu
KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
W. Królas, U. Wiacek
IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland
T. Lehmann
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Fördertechnik und Logistiksysteme, Karlsruhe, Germany
L. Macià, M. Sanmartí, B.K. Singh
IREC, Sant Adria del Besos, Spain
C.A. Martins
Lund University, Lund, Sweden
C. Prieto
Empresarios Agrupados, Madrid, Spain

Funding: Funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 - EUROfusion)
IFMIF-DONES (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility- DEMO-Oriented Neutron Early Source) - a powerful neutron irradiation facility for studies and certification of materials to be used in fusion reactors - is planned as part of the European roadmap to fusion electricity. Its main goal will be to characterize and to qualify materials under irradiation in a neutron field similar to the one faced in a fusion reactor. The intense neutron source is produced by impinging deuterons, from high-power linear deuteron accelerator, on a liquid lithium curtain. The facility has accomplished the preliminary design phase and is currently in its detailed design phase. At the present stage, it is important to have a clear understanding of how the commissioning of the facility will be performed, especially the commissioning of a 5 MW CW deuteron beam, together with the lithium curtain and the beam optimization for the neutron irradiation. In this contribution, the present plans for the hardware and beam commissioning of the accelerator will be given, focusing on the most critical aspects of the tiered approach and on the integration of the procedure with the lithium and tests systems.

Poster TUPOJO01 [2.038 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO01

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TUPOJO03

Optimized Beam Optics Design of the MINERVA/MYRRHA Superconducting Proton Linac

cavity, target, diagnostics, rfq

337

U. Dorda, L. De Keukeleere
SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
F. Bouly, E. Froidefond
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
E. Bouquerel, E.K. Traykov
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
L. Perrot
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France

The MYRRHA design for an accelerator driven system (ADS) is based on a 600 MeV superconducting proton linac. The first stage towards its realization is called MINERVA and was approved in 2018 to be constructed by SCK•CEN in Belgium. This 100 MeV linac, will serve as technology demonstrator for the high MYRRHA reliability requirements as well as driver for two independent target stations, one for radio-isotope research and production of radio-isotopes for medical purposes, the other one for fusion materials research. This contribution gives an overview of the latest accelerator machine physics design with a focus on the optimized medium (17 MeV) and high energy (100 MeV) beam transfer lines.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO03

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Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TUPOJO04

R&D for the Realization of a Very High Frequency Crossbar H-Mode Drift Tube Linac

cavity, DTL, vacuum, coupling

341

M. Heilmann, C. Zhang
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
H. Podlech
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

A 704.4 MHz Crossbar H-mode (CH) drift tube linac has been proposed for performing a radio frequency jump at ß = 0.2. Up to now, the highest frequency of the constructed CH cavities is 360 MHz. Simulations have shown that the operation frequency for an H210-mode cavity can be up to ~800 MHz. At 704.4 MHz, the cavity dimensions become small, which bring challenges for many practical problems e.g. construction, vacuum pumping and RF coupling. This paper presents the performed R&D studies for the realization of such a very high frequency cavity.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO04

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022

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TUPOJO05

Welding and Copper Plating Investigations on the FAIR Proton Linac

cavity, proton, simulation, coupling

345

A. Seibel, T. Dettinger, C.M. Kleffner, K. Knie, C. Will
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
M.S. Breidt, H. Hähnel, U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
J. Egly
PINK GmbH Vakuumtechnik, Wertheim, Germany

A FAIR injector linac for the future FAIR facility is under construction. In order to meet the requirements for copper plating of the CH-cavities, a variety of tests with dummy cavities has been per-formed and compared to simulation. Further dummy cavities have been produced in order to improve the welding techniques. In addition, the results on 3d-printed stems with drift tubes will be presented.

Poster TUPOJO05 [2.863 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO05

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Received ※ 08 August 2022 — Revised ※ 14 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 24 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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TUPOJO06

Design and Test of Beam Diagnostics Equipment for the FAIR Proton Linac

proton, diagnostics, electron, beam-diagnostic

348

T. Sieber, P. Forck, C.M. Kleffner, S. Udrea
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
I. Bustinduy, .A. Rodríguez Páramo
ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain
J. Herranz
Proactive Research and Development, Sabadell, Spain
A. Navarro Fernandez
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

A dedicated proton injector Linac (pLinac) for the Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at GSI, Darmstadt, is currently under construction. It will pro-vide a 68 MeV, up to 70 mA proton beam at a duty cycle of max. 35µs / 4 Hz for the SIS18 synchrotron, using the UNILAC transfer beamline. After further acceleration in SIS100, the protons are mainly used for antiproton production at the Antiproton Annihilation Darmstadt (PANDA) experiment. The Linac will operate at 325 MHz and consists of a novel so called ’Ladder’ RFQ type, followed by a chain of CH-cavities, partially coupled by rf-coupling cells. In this paper we present the beam diagnostics system for the pLinac with special emphasis on the Secondary Electron Emission (SEM) Grids and the Beam Position Monitor (BPM) system. We also describe design and status of our diagnostics testbench for stepwise Linac commissioning, which includes an energy spectrometer with associated optical system. The BPMs and SEM grids have been tested with proton and argon beam during several beamtimes in 2022. The results of these experiments are presented.

Poster TUPOJO06 [3.264 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO06

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022

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TUPOJO10

Hardware Commissioning With Beam at the European Spallation Source: Ion Source to DTL1

MMI, DTL, ion-source, rfq

360

B. Jones, R.A. Baron, C.S. Derrez, F. Grespan, V. Grishin, Y. Levinsen, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, D.J.P. Nicosia, D. Noll, D.C. Plostinar, A.G. Sosa, E. Trachanas, R. Zeng
ESS, Lund, Sweden
C. Baltador, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, F. Grespan, A. Palmieri
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
I. Bustinduy, N. Garmendia
ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain
L. Neri
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

The European Spallation Source (ESS) aims to build and commission a 2 MW proton linac ready for neutron production in 2025. The normal conducting section of the ESS linac is designed to accelerate a 62.5 mA proton beam to 90 MeV at 14 Hz. The section consists of a microwave ion source, Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and 5-tank Drift Tube Linac (DTL). All sections are provided to ESS by in-kind partners across Europe. This paper reports the recent progress on the assembly, installation, testing and commissioning of the ESS normal conducting linac.

Slides TUPOJO10 [2.397 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO10

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Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 15 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 September 2022

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TUPOJO11

Design of Beam Focusing System with Permanent Magnet for J-PARC LINAC MEBT1

octupole, MEBT, focusing, emittance

364

Y. Fuwa, K. Moriya, T. Takayanagi
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan

Space charge compensation technology using higher-order multipole magnetic field components has been proposed to transport high-intensity charged particle beams for J-PARC LINAC MEBT1. In order to realize this compensation technology in a limited beam line space, we devised a compact-size combined-function multipole permanent magnet. This magnet can produce two multipole components at the same location on the beam line. As a first step, we have designed a magnet to simultaneously generate a fixed-strength quadrupole and an adjustable-strength octupole component using permanent magnet materials. In this magnet model, the magnetic circuit consists of two groups of magnets.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO11

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TUPOJO13

Wire Scanner Systems at the European Spallation Source (ESS): Tests and First Beam Commissioning Results

detector, MEBT, MMI, controls

372

C.S. Derrez, I. Bustinduy, E.M. Donegani, V. Grishin, H. Kocevar, J.P.S. Martins, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, T.J. Shea, R. Tarkeshian, C.A. Thomas, P.L. van Velze
ESS, Lund, Sweden
S. Cleva, R. De Monte, M. Ferianis, S. Grulja
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
I. Mazkiaran, A.R. Páramo
ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain

The ESS beam instrumentation includes 3 different type of Wire Scanners (WS). Double wires systems are deployed in the MEBT part of NCL, and single wires and flying wire instruments are being tested and installed in the higher energy sections of the ESS linac. First beam tests result from the MEBT systems will be presented. The superconducting linac WS systems are based on scintillator detectors and wavelength shifting fibers are mounted on the beam pipe. The detectors are coupled to long haul optical fibers, which carry the signals to custom front end electronics sitting in controls racks at the surface. The acquisition chain have been characterized at IHEP (Protvino, Russia), ELETTRA (Trieste, Italy), CERN PSB, CoSy (IKP, Germany) and SNS (USA) before installation in the ESS tunnel. The test results of this system design, differing from the standard approach where photomultipliers are coupled to the scintillator will be presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO13

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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TUPOJO14

Status of Testing and Commissioning of the Medium Energy Beam Transport Line of the ESS Normal Conducting Linac

MEBT, cavity, MMI, quadrupole

376

A.G. Sosa, R.A. Baron, H. Danared, C.S. Derrez, E.M. Donegani, M. Eshraqi, V. Grishin, A. Jansson, M. Jensen, B. Jones, E. Laface, B. Lagoguez, Y. Levinsen, J.P.S. Martins, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, D.J.P. Nicosia, D. Noll, D.C. Plostinar, T.J. Shea, R. Tarkeshian, C.A. Thomas, E. Trachanas, P.L. van Velze
ESS, Lund, Sweden
I. Bustinduy, A. Conde, D. Fernández-Cañoto, N. Garmendia, P.J. González, G. Harper, A. Kaftoosian, J. Martin, I. Mazkiaran, J.L. Muñoz, A.R. Páramo, S. Varnasseri, A.Z. Zugazaga
ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain

The latest beam commissioning phase of the Normal Conducting Linac at ESS delivered a proton beam through the Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) into the first Drift Tube Linac (DTL) tank. The probe beam in MEBT consisted of 3.6 MeV protons of <6 mA, <5 microseconds pulse length and 1 Hz repetition rate. Following the delivery of the components at ESS in Lund in June 2019, the commissioning phase with the MEBT was completed in July 2022. In March 2022, the maximum beam current of 62.5 mA was transported up to the MEBT Faraday cup. This proceeding focuses on the status of MEBT including magnets, buncher cavities, scrapers and beam diagnostics designed and tested in collaboration with ESS Bilbao.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO14

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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TUPOJO21

The Pre-Injector Upgrade for the ISIS H⁻ Linac

ion-source, plasma, MEBT, MMI

398

S.R. Lawrie, R.E. Abel, C. Cahill, D.C. Faircloth, A.P. Letchford, J.H. Macgregor, S. Patel, T.M. Sarmento, J.D. Speed, O.A. Tarvainen, M. Whitehead, T. Wood
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

A new maintenance-free, high current, high duty-factor H⁻ linac pre-injector is being commissioned for the ISIS pulsed spallation neutron and muon facility. As well as delivering a low emittance-growth, loss-free beam, the pre-injector incorporates a chopper to facilitate arbitrary bunch time-structures. A 50 Hz, 0.9 ms (4.5% duty factor) RF-driven H⁻ ion source operates extremely reliably and with a large available parameter space via a novel microwave ignition gun and a wideband solid-state RF amplifier. A 202.5 MHz medium energy beam transport (MEBT) incorporates eight quadrupole magnets with integrated xy steerers, four quarter-wave re-bunching cavities, four extremely compact beam position monitors and an electrostatic chopper in just two metres of footprint. Beam has been extracted from the ion source and MEBT commissioning is due Spring 2023. Thereafter, the entire pre-injector will be soak-tested offline for a year before installing on the user facility.

Slides TUPOJO21 [1.784 MB]

Poster TUPOJO21 [3.053 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO21

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 16 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022

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TUPOPA10

Beam Dynamics and RF Design Studies for the New RFQ for CERN Linac4 Upgrade

rfq, emittance, radio-frequency, quadrupole

430

H.W. Pommerenke, G. Bellodi, A. Grudiev, S. Kumar, A.M. Lombardi
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The 352 MHz Linac4-RFQ is the first rf accelerating structure of the CERN accelerator complex, accelerating an H⁻ beam to 3 MeV. After successful commissioning in 2013, superficial vane damage has been observed in 2020. In view that the RFQ is a single point of failure, in parallel to the production of a near identical spare (RFQ2), design studies on a longer-term upgrade have been launched: Linac4-RFQ3. Main goals are to achieve a design with higher beam acceptance, reduced beam losses, and reduced RF breakdown rate. Two versions of RFQ are under study: a conventional RFQ built by brazing copper, as well as an RFQ with titanium vane tips (brazed on copper). High-gradient experiments suggest that titanium vane tips support higher surface fields compared to copper, up to 40 MV/m, and are more resistant against beam irradiation. In this paper, we present beam dynamics and rfdesign of both variants of RFQ3.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA10

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Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TUPOPA13

Pulsed DC High Field Measurements of Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Electrodes of Different Materials

radiation, rfq, cathode, vacuum

441

R.C. Peacock, G. Burt
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
G. Bellodi, S. Calatroni, C.F. Da Palma Serafim, A. Grudiev, A.M. Lombardi, A.T. Perez Fontenla, S. Ramberger, E. Sargsyan, S. Sgobba, W. Wuensch
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Beam loss occurs in Radio Frequency Quadrupoles (RFQ), and has been observed in the H⁻ linear accelerator Linac4 (L4) at CERN. To determine if beam loss can induce breakdowns, and to compare the robustness of different materials, tests have been done using pulsed high-voltage DC systems. Electrical breakdown phenomena and conditioning processes have been studied using these systems. Cathodes of different materials were irradiated with 1.2x10¹⁹ H⁻ p/cm², the estimated beam loss of the L4 RFQ over 10 days. The irradiated electrodes were installed in a system to observe if the irradiated area coincided with the breakdown locations, with pulsing parameters similar to the RFQ. Tests of irradiated and non-irradiated electrodes of the same material were done for comparison. The main difference observed was an increase in the number of breakdowns during the initial conditioning that returned to non-irradiated sample values with further running. Visual observations after irradiation show the beam centre and a halo the same diameter of the beam pipe. Breakdown clusters occur in the centre and halo regions, suggesting irradiation is not the only factor determining the breakdown probability.

Poster TUPOPA13 [3.845 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA13

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Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022

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TUPOPA16

Complete Study of the Multipactor Phenomenon for the MYRRHA 80 kW CW RF Couplers

multipactoring, electron, simulation, cavity

448

Y. Gómez Martínez, P.-O. Dumont, M. Meyer
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
P. Duchesne, C. Joly, W. Kaabi
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France

MYRRHA [1] (Multi Purpose Hybrid Reactor for High Tech Applications) is an Accelerator Driven System (ADS) project. Its superconducting linac will provide a 600 MeV - 4 mA proton beam. The first project phase based on a 100 MeV linac is launched. The Radio-Frequency (RF) couplers have been designed to handle 80 kW CW (Continuous Wave) at 352.2 MHz. This paper describes the multipacting studies on couplers.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA16

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Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022

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TUPOGE02

Three Years of Operation of the SPIRAL2 LINAC: Cryogenics and Superconducting RF Feedback

cavity, cryogenics, cryomodule, operation

479

P.-E. Bernaudin, M. Aburas, M. Di Giacomo, A. Ghribi, P. Robillard, L. Valentin
GANIL, Caen, France

The superconducting LINAC of SPIRAL2 at the GANIL facility is in operation since October 2019. Its 26 super-conducting quarter wave resonating cavities (88 MHz) are operated at a nominal gradient of 6.5 MV/m, but most of the cavities can be operated up to 8 MV/m. They are integrated into 19 cryomodules and cooled down at 4 K by a dedicated refrigeration cryogenic system. In this paper, we will present a feedback after five years of operation of the cryogenic system, focusing on the main problems that have been faced, and on the diverse evolutions performed in order to improve the cryogenic system and to increase its reliability. We will also provide a feedback of the superconducting cavities performances status after three years of operation

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE02

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Received ※ 27 July 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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TUPOGE03

Advanced Cryogenic Process Control and Monitoring for the SPIRAL2 Superconducting LINAC

cavity, controls, cryogenics, cryomodule

483

A. Ghribi, M. Aburas, P.-E. Bernaudin, M. Di Giacomo, A.H. Trudel, Q. Tura
GANIL, Caen, France
P. Bonnay, F. Bonne
CEA/INAC, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
F. Millet
CEA, Grenoble, France

SPIRAL2 is a superconducting accelerator for protons, deuterons and heavy ions delivering a maximum beam power of 200 kW at 40 MeV (for deuteron beams). 26 superconducting quarter wave cavities are operated at 4.4 K, plunged in a liquid helium bath with a drastic phase separator pressure control. Previous years have seen the development of advanced process control for cryogenics allowing to cope with high heat load dynamics thanks to an automatic heat dissipation compensation and a model based control. The latter is based on models, using the Simcryogenics library, optimized and linearised in the Programmable Logic Controllers. The SPIRAL2 operation has demonstrated that such control allows to keep the specified conditions for RF and beam operation even at levels of heat load dissipation approaching the physical limits of the cryogenic system. These developments allowed to synthesise a virtual observer of the dynamic heat load dissipated by the cavities. The present paper summarises the development of such observer based on the physical thermodynamic model and on machine learning techniques.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE03

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 02 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 September 2022

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TUPOGE04

An Approach for Component-Level Analysis of Cryogenic Process in Superconducting LINAC Cryomodules

cryomodule, cavity, cryogenics, multipactoring

487

C. Lhomme
IJCLab, ORSAY, France
D. Berkowitz Zamora, M.D. Grosso Xavier
SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
F. Chatelet, P. Duthil, H. Saugnac
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
F. Dieudegard, C. Lhomme
ACS, Orsay, France
T. Junquera
Accelerators and Cryogenic Systems, Orsay, France

Powerful superconducting linear accelerators feature accelerating sections consisting in a series of cryomod-ules (CM), each hosting superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities cooled by a cryogenic process. Despite the extensive instrumentation used for the tests and valida-tion of the prototype cryomodules, it is usually very complex to link the measured global thermodynamic efficiency to the individual component performance. Previous works showed methods for assessing the global efficiency and even for allocating performances to sets of components, but few went down to a component level. For that purpose, we developed a set of techniques based on customized instrumentation, on dedicated test proto-cols, and on model-based analysis tools. In practice, we exposed the components to various operating conditions and we compared the measured data to the results from a detailed dynamic component model at the same condi-tions. This method was applied to the cryogenic debug-ging phase of the tests of the MINERVA prototype cry-omodule, which, despite the liquid helium shortage, led to an extensively detailed characterisation, for its valida-tion towards the serial construction.

Poster TUPOGE04 [1.234 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE04

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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TUPOGE06

Performance Test of Mass-Production of HWR Cryomodules for SCL32

cavity, cryomodule, multipactoring, vacuum

491

Y. Kim, J.W. Choi, D.H. Gil, H. Jang, Y.W. Jo, J. Joo, H.C. Jung, H. Kim, M.S. Kim, M. Kwon, M. Lee, J.H. Shin
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Y.U. Sohn
PAL, Pohang, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Rare Isotope Science Project of Institute for Basic Science funded by Ministry of Science and ICT and NRF of Korea (2013M7A1A1075764)
Mass production of the HWR (half wave resonator) cryomodules for SCL32 of RAON had been conducted since 2018 and all cryomodules were installed in the SCL3 tunnel in 2021. Total number of the HWR cavities and the HWR cryomodules are 10⁶ and 34, respectively. Cryomodule performance test was started in September 2020 and finished in October 2021, except for one bunching cryomodule that will be installed in front of the high energy linac. The detailed procedure and the results of performance test is reported in detail.

Poster TUPOGE06 [1.211 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE06

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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TUPOGE13

Niobium to Titanium Electron Beam Welding for SRF Cavities

niobium, cavity, SRF, vacuum

515

M. Parise, J. Bernardini, D. Passarelli
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.
Titanium and niobium are the main materials used for the fabrication of Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities. These two metals are usually joined , using various welding techniques, using a third material in between. This contribution focuses on the development of an innovative electron beam welding technique capable of producing a strong bond between these two different materials. Several samples are produced and tested to assess the mechanical strength at room and cryogenic temperature as well as the composition of the resulting welded joint. Also, the first units of the Single Spoke Resonator type 2 (SSR2) cavities for the Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II [1]) have been fabricated joining directly various grades of titanium to niobium and results gathered through the fabrication will be reported.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE13

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TUPOGE15

Prototype HB650 Transportation Validation for the PIP-II Project

cryomodule, ISOL, interface, resonance

523

J.P. Holzbauer, S. Cheban, C.J. Grimm, J. Helsper, R. Thiede, A.D. Wixson
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
R. Cubizolles
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
M.T.W. Kane
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: Work supported by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, managed and operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The PIP-II Project at Fermilab is centered around a superconducting 800 MeV proton linac to upgrade and modernize the Fermilab accelerator complex, allowing increased beam current to intensity frontier experiments such as LBNF-DUNE. PIP-II includes strong international collaborations, including the delivery of 12 cryomodules from European labs to FNAL (3 from STFC-UKRI in the UK and 9 from CEA in France). The transatlantic shipment of these completed modules is identified as a serious risk for the project. To mitigate this risk, a rigorous and systematic process has been developed to design and validate a transport system, including specification, procedures, logistics, and realistic testing. This paper will detail the engineering process used to manage this effort across the collaboration and the results of the first major validation testing of the integrated shipping system prior to use with a cryomodule.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE15

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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TUPORI03

Model Coupled Accelerator Tuning With an Envelope Code

simulation, ISAC, rfq, quadrupole

549

O. Shelbaya, R.A. Baartman, O.K. Kester, S. Kiy, S.D. Rädel
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Funding: National Research Council Canada
Frequent linac re-tuning is needed at TRIUMF-ISAC for the delivery of rare isotope beams at a variety of mass-to-charge ratios and beam energies. This operation is of appreciable complexity due to the nature of the accelerator, consisting of a separated function, variable output energy DTL paired with an RFQ. Reference tunes, computed from a variety of beam and accelerator simulation codes, are scaled according to the beam properties, though changing beam parameters at the sources requires manual tuning of matching section quadrupoles. Using an end-to-end envelope model of the machine in the code TRANSOPTR, these tunes can now be rapidly computed, and using beam diagnostic inputs to reconstruct the beam matrix, the model can be used to dynamically re-optimize the machine tune on-line.

Poster TUPORI03 [1.257 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI03

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TUPORI04

Cavity Failure Compensation Strategies in Superconducting Linacs

cavity, cryomodule, database, lattice

552

A. Plaçais, F. Bouly
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France

RF cavities in linear accelerators are subject to failure, preventing the beam from reaching it’s nominal energy. This is particularly problematic for Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS), where the thermal fluctuations of the spallation target must be avoided and every fault shall be rapidly compensated for. In this study we present LightWin. This tool under development aims to create a database of the possible cavity failures and their associated compensation settings for a given accelerator. We apply it on the MYRRHA ADS, with a scenario including various faults distributed along the accelerator, and compare the settings found by LightWin to those found by the code TraceWin. We show that both tools find different compensation settings. We also outline the limitations of LightWin and explain the upcoming improvements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI04

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Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 20 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022

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TUPORI05

Beam Dynamic Simulations for the DTL Section of the High Brilliance Neutron Source

cavity, neutron, emittance, quadrupole

556

S. Lamprecht, M. Droba, K. Kümpel, O. Meusel, N.F. Petry, H. Podlech, M. Schwarz, C. Zhang
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

As various experimental reactors in Europe are already or will be decommissioned over the next years, new neutron sources will be necessary to meet the demand for neutrons in research and development. The High Brilliance Neutron Source is an accelerator driven neutron source planned at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. The accelerator will accelerate a proton beam of 100 mA up to an end energy of 70 MeV, using 45 normal conducting CH-type cavities. Due to the high beam current, the beam dynamics concept requires special care. In this paper, the current status of the beam dynamics for the drift tube linac is presented.

Poster TUPORI05 [0.917 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI05

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Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 24 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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TUPORI08

End-to-End Simulations and Error Studies of the J-PARC Muon Linac

experiment, emittance, acceleration, simulation

562

Y. Takeuchi, J. Tojo, T. Yamanaka
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
E. Cicek, H. Ego, K. Futatsukawa, N. Kawamura, T. Mibe, M. Otani, N. Saito, T. Yamazaki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
H. Iinuma, Y. Nakazawa
Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
Y. Iwashita
Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
R. Kitamura, Y. Kondo, T. Morishita
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
Y. Sato
Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
Y. Sue, K. Sumi, M. Yotsuzuka
Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
H.Y. Yasuda
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

A muon linac is under development for future muon ’’’ 2/EDM experiments at J-PARC. The linac provides a 212 MeV muon beam to an MRI-type compact storage ring. Af- ter the initial acceleration using the electrostatic field created by mesh and cylindrical electrodes, the muons are acceler- ated using four types of radio-frequency accelerators. To validate the linac design as a whole, end-to-end simulations were performed using General Particle Tracer. In addition, error studies is ongoing to investigate the effects on beam and spin dynamics of various errors in the accelerator com- ponents and input beam distribution. This paper describes the preliminary results of the end-to-end simulations and error studies.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI08

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2022

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TUPORI12

Beam Dynamics for the MAX IV Transverse Deflecting Cavity Beamline

electron, quadrupole, emittance, optics

565

N. Blaskovic Kraljevic, L. Isaksson, E. Mansten, S. Thorin
MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

The MAX IV 3 GeV linac delivers electron beams to two synchrotron rings and to a dedicated undulator system for X-ray beam delivery in the Short Pulse Facility (SPF). In addition, there are plans to use the linac as an injector for a future Soft X-ray Laser (SXL). For both SPF and SXL operations, longitudinal beam characterisation with a high temporal resolution is essential. For this purpose, a transverse deflecting cavity (TDC) system has been developed and is being installed in a dedicated electron beamline branch located downstream of the 3 GeV linac. This beamline consists of two consecutive 3 m long transverse S-band RF structures, followed by a variable vertical deflector dipole magnet used as an energy spectrometer. This conference contribution presents the beam dynamics calculations for the beam transport along the TDC beamline, and in particular the optics configurations for slice emittance and slice energy spread measurements. The operation of an analysis algorithm for use in the control room is discussed. The aim is to provide 1 fs temporal measurement resolution to access the bunch duration of highly compressed bunches and slice parameters for sub-10-fs bunches.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI12

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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TUPORI13

Beam Loading Simulation for Relativistic and Ultrarelativistic Beams in the Tracking Code RF-Track

beam-loading, cavity, simulation, accelerating-gradient

569

J. Olivares Herrador, A. Latina
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
D. Esperante Pereira, N. Fuster, B. Gimeno
IFIC, Valencia, Spain
B. Gimeno
UVEG, Burjasot (Valencia), Spain

Medical and industrial electron linacs can benefit from the X-band accelerating technology developed for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) at CERN. However, when high-intensity beams are injected in such high-gradient structures (>35 MV/m), the beam loading effect must be considered by design since this beam-cavity interaction can result in a considerable gradient reduction with respect to the unloaded case. Studying energy conservation, a partial differential equation (PDE) has been derived for injected beams, in both the relativistic and ultrarelativistic limit. Making use of this, a specific simulation package within RF-track has been developed, allowing realistic tracking of charged particle bunches under this effect regardless of their initial velocity. The performance of such tool has been assessed by reproducing previously obtained beam loaded fields in CLIC main linac and CLIC Drive-Beam linac structures. In this paper we present the analytic PDE derivation and the results of the tests.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI13

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Received ※ 18 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022

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TUPORI20

The Impact of Beam Loading Transients on the RF System and Beam Breakup Instabilities in Energy Recovery Linacs

cavity, beam-loading, simulation, LLRF

593

S. Setiniyaz
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
R. Apsimon, M.J.W. Southerby
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
P.H. Williams
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

In multi-turn Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs), the filling pattern describes the order that which bunches are injected into the ERL ring. The filling patterns and recombination schemes together can create various beam loading patterns/transients, which can have a big impact on the RF system, namely the cavity fundamental mode voltage, required RF power, and beam breakup instability. In this work, we demonstrate one can lower the cavity voltage fluctuation and rf power consumption by carefully choosing the right transient by using an analytical model and simulation.

Poster TUPORI20 [0.659 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI20

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Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022

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TUPORI23

Investigation of the Beam Propagation Through the FNAL LEBT

LEBT, ion-source, emittance, rfq

597

D.C. Jones, D.S. Bollinger, V.V. Kapin, K. Seiya
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Fermilab Preaccelerator sends 25 mA H⁻ beam with a 30 µs pulse length at 15 Hz. The machine’s uptime was increased in 2012 by the replacement of the Cockcroft Walton accelerator with an RFQ system to take the beam from 35 keV to 750 keV; however, this came with a reduction in transmitted beam between the source and the entrance to Tank 1 of the LINAC. Fermilab currently operates with less than 50% of the beam current from the ion source making it to the entrance of tank 1. In an effort to understand the causes of this reduction in transmission efficiency a vertically movable paddle was installed between the first two solenoids allowing the beam size to be investigated before entering the RFQ. Comparing this data to the emittance measurements done after the first solenoid in the Ion Source R&D lab a more complete picture of the beams propagation through the LEBT has begun to be established when compared with the simulation results. We will present these results here.

Poster TUPORI23 [0.510 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI23

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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TUPORI25

Finding Beam Loss Locations at PIP2IT Accelerator With Oscillating Dipole Correctors

MEBT, dipole, cryomodule, betatron

605

A.V. Shemyakin
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics
The PIP2IT accelerator was assembled in multiple stages in 2014 - 2021 to test concepts and components of the future PIP-II linac that is being constructed at Fermilab. In its final configuration, PIP2IT accelerated a 0.55 ms x 20 Hz x 2 mA H⁻ beam to 16 MeV. To determine location of the beam loss in the accelerator’s low-energy part, where radiation monitors are ineffective, a method using oscillating trajectories was implemented. If the beam is scraped at an aperture limitation, moving its centroid with two dipole correctors located upstream and oscillating in sync, produces a line at the corresponding frequency in spectra of BPM sum signals downstream of the loss point. Comparison of these responses along the beam line allows to find the loss location. The paper describes the method and results of its implementation at PIP2IT.

Slides TUPORI25 [0.447 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI25

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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TUPORI26

Longitudinal Beam Dynamics in Array of Equidistant Multicell Cavities

cavity, acceleration, emittance, space-charge

609

Y.K. Batygin
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Work supported by US DOE under contract 89233218CNA000001
Linear accelerators containing the sequence of independently phase cavities with constant geometrical velocity along each cavity are widely used in practice. The chain of cavities with identical cell length is utilized within a certain beam velocity range, with subsequent transformation to the next chain with higher cavity velocity. Design and analysis of beam dynamics in this type of accelerators are usually performed using numerical simulations. In the present paper, we provide an analytical treatment of beam dynamics in such linacs. Expressions connecting beam energy gain and phase slippage along the cavity are implemented. The dynamics of the beam around the reference trajectory along the accelerator and matched beam conditions are discussed.

Poster TUPORI26 [1.718 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI26

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TUPORI27

Preliminary Study on the Implementation of the Orbit Correction to the 100 Mev Proton Linac at KOMAC

DTL, simulation, proton, GUI

613

S. Lee, J.J. Dang, D.-H. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, S.P. Yun
KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work has been supported through KOMAC operation fund of KAERI by the Korean government (MIST)
At Korea Multipurpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC), we have been operating a 100 MeV linac consisting of 11 DTLs with several beam position monitors (BPMs) and steering magnets installed for the orbit correction of the proton beam. The orbit correction can be performed through the response matrix between the position measurements from the BPMs and the field strength of the steering magnets. In this work, we will show the calculated response matrix from the simulation results, and describe the detailed plans for the implementation of the orbit correction in the real linac system at KOMAC.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPORI27

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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WE1AA05

The Muon Linac Project at J-PARC

rfq, DTL, acceleration, experiment

636

Y. Kondo, Y. Fuwa, R. Kitamura, K. Moriya, T. Takayanagi
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
S. Bae, H. Choi, S. Choi, B. Kim, H.S. Ko
SNU, Seoul, Republic of Korea
E. Cicek, H. Ego, Y. Fukao, K. Futatsukawa, N. Kawamura, T. Mibe, Y. Miyake, S. Mizobata, M. Otani, N. Saito, K. Shimomura, T. Yamazaki, M. Yoshida
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
K. Hasegawa
QST Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan
N. Hayashizaki
Research Laboratory for Nuclear Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
T. Iijima, Y. Sue, K. Sumi
Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
H. Iinuma, Y. Nakazawa
Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
K. Inami, K. Suzuki, M. Yotsuzuka
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
K. Ishida
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
Y. Iwashita
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
T. Morishita
JAEA/LINAC, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
G.P. Razuvaev
Budker INP & NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia
Y. Takeuchi, J. Tojo
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
E. Won
Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
H.Y. Yasuda
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

The muon linac project for the precise measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments, which is currently one of the hottest issues of the elementary particle physics, is in progress at J-PARC. The muons from the J-PARC muon facility are once cooled to room temperature, then accelerated up to 212 MeV with a normalized emittance of 1.5 pi mm mrad and a momentum spread of 0.1%. Four types of accelerating structures are adopted to obtain the efficient acceleration with a wide beta range from 0.01 to 0.94. The project is moving into the construction phase. They already demonstrated the re-acceleration scheme of the decelerated muons using a 324-MHz RFQ in 2017. The high-power test of the 324-MHz Interdigital H-mode (IH) DTL using a prototype cavity will be performed in 2021. The fabrication of the first module of 14 modules of the 1296-MHz Disk and Washer (DAW) CCL will be done to confirm the production process. Moreover, the final design of the travelling wave accelerating structure for the high beta region is also proceeding. In this presentation, the recent progress toward the realization of the world first muon linac will be presented.

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Slides WE1AA05 [3.764 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-WE1AA05

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Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022

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WE2AA01

The CompactLight Design Study

FEL, photon, electron, undulator

642

A. Latina
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
G. D’Auria, R.A. Rochow
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

CompactLight (XLS) is an H2020 Design Study funded by the European Union under grant agreement No. 777431 and carried out by an international collaboration of 23 international laboratories and academic institutions, three private companies, and five third parties. The project, which started in January 2018 with a duration of 48 months, aimed to design an innovative, compact, and cost-effective hard X-ray FEL facility complemented by a soft X-ray source. In December 2021, the Conceptual Design Report was completed. The result is an accelerator that can be operated at up to 1 kHz pulse repetition rate, beyond today’s state of the art, using the latest concepts for high brightness electron photoinjectors, very high gradient accelerating structures in X-band, and novel short-period undulators. This paper gives an overview of the current status, focusing particularly on the technological challenges addressed and their future applications to compact accelerator-based facilities.

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Slides WE2AA01 [6.522 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-WE2AA01

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Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TH1AA02

Developments Towards FRIB Upgrade to 400 MeV/u for Heaviest Uranium Ions

cavity, background, cryomodule, ECR

653

K.E. McGee, K. Elliott, A. Ganshyn, W. Hartung, S.H. Kim, P.N. Ostroumov, J.T. Popielarski, L. Popielarski, A. Taylor, T. Xu
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
G.V. Eremeev, F. Furuta, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, A.V. Netepenko
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
B.M. Guilfoyle, M.P. Kelly, T. Reid
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA

High-Q₀ medium-velocity (beta opt = 0.6) 5-cell elliptical cavities for superconducting linacs are critical technology for advancing current and future projects such as the Proton Improvement Plan II linac and the proposed energy upgrade of Michigan State University’s Facility For Rare Isotope Beams linac, FRIB400. Previous work established the validity of the novel geometry of the FRIB400 prototype 644 MHz 5-cell elliptical β = 0.65 cavities for future high Q₀ development. In collaboration with FNAL, two leading-edge high-Q₀ recipes, N-doping and Mid-T baking, were tested in the 5-cell format. 2/0 N-doping + cold electropolishing was successful at achieving FRIB400 and PIP-II Q₀ requirements, achieving an unprecedented 3.8 x 10¹⁰ at 17.5 MV/m, satisfying the FRIB400 Q₀ requirements by 1.75 times in a low-gauss environment. Mid-T baking exceeded FRIB400 Q₀ requirements by 1.4 times, and benefitted from decreased residual resistance compared to the N-doped cavity test. Systematic ultrasonic thickness measurements in single-cell revealed bulk (150 microns) EP with the modified EP tool is consistent across the inner surfaces of the cavity walls.

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Slides TH1AA02 [44.708 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TH1AA02

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Received ※ 11 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 October 2022

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TH1AA06

Low Level RF Control Algorithms for the CERN Proton LINAC4

cavity, LLRF, klystron, beam-loading

673

P. Baudrenghien, B. Bielawski, R.B. Borner
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The CERN Linac4 Low Level RF (LLRF) uses a Linear Gaussian Regulator and an Adaptive Feed Forward to regulate the accelerating field in the cavities in the presence of strong beam loading. A Klystron Polar Loop is also implemented to compensate the RF perturbations caused by the ripples and droop in the klystron High Voltage supply. The talk presents the important parts of the regulation, shows results as the system has evolved from first prototype (2013) to operational beams (2020), and mentions some important issues encountered during the commissioning and the first years of operation, with their mitigations.

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Slides TH1AA06 [4.183 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TH1AA06

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 September 2022

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TH2AA02

RF System Performance in the SwissFEL Linac

klystron, operation, FEL, multipactoring

679

C.D. Beard, J. Alex, H.-H. Braun, P. Craievich, Z. Geng, N. Hiller, R. Kalt, C. Kittel, T. Lippuner, T.G. Lucas, M. Pedrozzi, E. Prat, S. Reiche, T. Schietinger, W.T. Tron, D. Voulot, R. Zennaro
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The Hard X-ray FEL machine SwissFEL at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Switzerland is commissioned and transiting to user operation smoothly. FEL operation requires stringent requirements for the beam stability at the linac output, such as the electron bunch arrival time, peak current and beam energy. Among other things, a highly stable RF system is required to guarantee the beam stability. RF performance often dominates the overall performance and availability of FELs, and for this reason the SwissFEL RF system has been designed based on the state-of-the-art technologies that have enabled excellent RF stability, resulting in an arrival time jitter of ~10 fs rms and relative beam energy stability of 10^-4 rms. This paper aims to provide an understanding of the peak performance of the RF systems and to highlight possible limitation currently faced, focusing on the S-, C- and X-Band systems.

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Slides TH2AA02 [4.813 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TH2AA02

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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TH1PA02

Production, Test and Installation of the ESS Spoke, Medium and High Beta Cryomodules

cavity, cryomodule, operation, MMI

685

C.G. Maiano
ESS, Lund, Sweden

We present here an overview of the ESS cryomodule production, test and preparation to tunnel installation, covering both families of modules: spoke and elliptical. Cryomodules and cavities for the ESS linac are in-kind contribution by several of the project partners.

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Slides TH1PA02 [2.190 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TH1PA02

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Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 30 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022

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THPOJO01

The ARES Linac at DESY

experiment, electron, acceleration, diagnostics

691

F. Burkart, R.W. Aßmann, H. Dinter, S. Jaster-Merz, W. Kuropka, F. Mayet, T. Vinatier
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The generation and acceleration of ultra-short, high quality electron beams has attracted more and more interest in accelerator science. Electron bunches with these properties are necessary to operate and test novel diagnostics and advanced high gradient accelerating schemes. Furthermore, several medical and industrial applications require high-brightness electron beams. The dedicated R&D linac ARES at DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) is now fully operational and able to produce these electron beams at the nominal energy of 155 MeV and deliver it to users. This paper gives an overview of the ARES linac and summarizes the beam parameter measurements. The possibilities for user operation will be described in detail.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO01

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Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 September 2022

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THPOJO02

Commissioning of a Movable Bunch Compressor for Sub-fs Electron Bunches

electron, dipole, MMI, diagnostics

695

W. Kuropka, R.W. Aßmann, F. Burkart, H. Dinter, S. Jaster-Merz, F. Lemery, F. Mayet, B. Stacey, T. Vinatier
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
R.W. Aßmann
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
S. Jaster-Merz
University of Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: DESY is a research center within the Helmholtz association HGF.
We present the first commissioning results of the movable bunch compressor (BC) designed for the ARES linac at DESY. The development and simulated performance has been reported earlier and predicts sub-fs electron bunches with high charge densities. Commissioning results of the injector part of the ARES linac delivered promising beam quality results to achieve these numbers. The bunch compressor system is foreseen to be used to bench mark numerical models for coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) and space charge (SC) for ultra-short electron bunches. Here we will present first measurements of the dispersion as well as calculations for the longitudinal dispersion. In the future the PolariX transverse deflecting structure (TDS) will be commissioned to fully characterize the ARES electron beam.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO02

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Received ※ 25 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOJO07

Status and Reliability Enhancements of the ALBA Linac

klystron, operation, booster, gun

703

D. Lanaia, R. Muñoz Horta, F. Pérez
ALBA-CELLS, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

Along the years, efforts to enhance the ALBA Linac performances and reliability have been devoted, resulting in an improvement of the Linac to Booster beam transmission efficiency, and of its mean time between failures. The performance enhancement has been based on the use of optimization and control routines of the beam parameters, but also by the application of regular preventive hardware maintenance procedures. Besides, the Linac reliability has been improved also by the implementation of alternative working modes in case of hardware failures, like operating at 67 MeV, with only one klystron and one accelerating section. In this respect, a new upgrade of the RF waveguide system is being implemented, with the aim to produce 80 MeV electron beam using only one klystron that will feed both accelerating sections. Furthermore, the possibility to install a thermionic RF-gun to inject directly into the first accelerating section is under study, ensuring the Linac’s reliability even in case of a major event. Details of the Linac performance during the past years and a description of the new hardware upgrades are presented in this work.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO07

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOJO08

RF Design of Traveling-Wave Accelerating Structures for the FCC-ee Pre-injector Complex

positron, electron, klystron, impedance

707

H.W. Pommerenke, A. Grudiev, A. Latina
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
S. Bettoni, P. Craievich, J.-Y. Raguin, M. Schaer
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Funding: This project received funding from the EU’s Horizon 2020 research program (grant No 951754), and was done under the auspices of CHART (Swiss Accelerator Research and Technology Collaboration).
The linacs of the FCCee (Future Circular Electron-Positron Collider) injector complex will both provide the drive beam for positron production and accelerate nominal electron and positron beams up to 6 GeV. Several linacs comprise different traveling-wave (TW) accelerating structures fulfilling the beam dynamics and rf constraints. Notably, high-phase advance large-aperture structures accelerate the positron beam at low energies. All TW structures are rotationally symmetric for easier production. Long-range wakes are damped by HOM detuning. Operating mode and HOM parameters were calculated based on lookup tables and analytic formulas, allowing for rapidly scanning large parameter spaces. In this paper, we present both methodology and realization of the rf design of the TW structures including their pulse compressors.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO08

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOJO09

Status of CLARA at Daresbury Laboratory

experiment, gun, MMI, laser

711

D. Angal-Kalinin, A.R. Bainbridge, A.D. Brynes, R.K. Buckley, S.R. Buckley, H.M. Castañeda Cortés, J.A. Clarke, L.S. Cowie, K.D. Dumbell, D.J. Dunning, A.J. Gilfellon, A.R. Goulden, J. Henderson, S. Hitchen, F. Jackson, C.R. Jenkins, M.A. Johnson, J.K. Jones, N.Y. Joshi, M.P. King, S.L. Mathisen, J.W. McKenzie, R. Mclean, K.J. Middleman, B.L. Militsyn, K.T. Morrow, A.J. Moss, B.D. Muratori, T.C.Q. Noakes, W.A. Okell, H.L. Owen, T.H. Pacey, A.E. Pollard, M.D. Roper, Y.M. Saveliev, D.J. Scott, B.J.A. Shepherd, R.J. Smith, E.W. Snedden, N. Thompson, C. Tollervey, R. Valizadeh, D.A. Walsh, A.E. Wheelhouse, P.H. Williams
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
A.R. Bainbridge, A.D. Brynes, J.A. Clarke, L.S. Cowie, K.D. Dumbell, D.J. Dunning, C.R. Jenkins, K.J. Middleman, A.J. Moss, B.D. Muratori, H.L. Owen, Y.M. Saveliev, D.J. Scott, B.J.A. Shepherd, N. Thompson, R. Valizadeh, A.J. Vick, A.E. Wheelhouse
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
A.D. Brynes
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
R.J. Cash, R.F. Clarke, M. Colling, G. Cox, B.D. Fell, S.A. Griffiths, M.D. Hancock, T. Hartnett, J.P. Hindley, C. Hodgkinson, G. Marshall, A. Oates, A.J. Vick, J.T.G. Wilson
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
J. Henderson
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

CLARA (Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications) is a test facility for Free Electron Laser (FEL) research and other applications at STFC’s Daresbury Laboratory. The Front End of CLARA has been used for user exploitation programme from 2018. The second exploitation period in 2021-22 provided a range of beam parameters to 8 user experiments. We report on the status, further machine development, and future plans for CLARA including Full Energy Beam Exploitation (FEBE) beamline which will provide 250 MeV/c high brightness beam for novel experiments.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO09

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Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOJO11

Wakefield Monitor System for X-Band Lineariser Linac on CLARA

HOM, controls, wakefield, alignment

718

N.Y. Joshi, A.C. Aiken, C.R. Jenkins, A.J. Moss
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: STFC-UKRI
CLARA linear accelerator in phase-2 will utilise an X-band fourth harmonic linac to linearise bunch phase space. Beam induced transverse higher order modes (HOMs) between 15.3 to 16.2GHz will be coupled out through HOM ports, which can be used to correct both position offset and angle misalignment to minimise beam degradation due to HOMs. In this paper we present design of a wakefield monitor system under development, with capability to use either baseband broadband signal for basic alignment, and also carry a detailed narrow-band spectrum analysis on all four (X and Y transverse modes from two couplers) signals. Initial laboratory testing of its subsystem is also presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO11

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Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 September 2022

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THPOJO14

Distributed Coupling Linac for Efficient Acceleration of High Charge Electron Bunches

cavity, coupling, distributed, electron

724

A. Dhar, M. Bai, Z. Li, E.A. Nanni, M.A.K. Othman, S.G. Tantawi, G.R. White
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515.
The Electron Ion Collider requires a pre-injector linac to accelerate large electron bunches from 4 MeV up to 400 MeV over 35 m*. Currently this linac is being designed with 3 m long traveling wave structures, which provide a gradient of 16 MV/m. We propose the use of a 1 m distributed coupling design as a potential alternative and future upgrade path to this design. Distributed coupling allows power to be fed into each cavity directly via a waveguide manifold, avoiding on-axis coupling**. A distributed coupling structure at S-band was designed to optimize for shunt impedance and large aperture size. This design provides greater efficiency, thereby lowering the number of klystrons required to power the full linac. In addition, particle tracking analysis shows that this linac maintains lower emittance as bunch charge increases to 14 nC and wakefields become more prevalent. We present the design of this distributed coupling structure, as well as progress on structure manufacturing and characterization.
* F. Willeke, "Electron ion collider conceptual design report 2021," tech. rep., United States, 2021.
** S. Tantawi et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams, vol. 23, p. 092001, Sep 2020.

Poster THPOJO14 [5.280 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO14

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOJO16

High Efficiency Traveling Wave Linac With Tunable Energy

gun, electron, cavity, GUI

727

V.A. Dolgashev, A.K. Krasnykh, A. Romero
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
P. Borchard
Dymenso LLC, San Francisco, USA
R.A. Kostin, S.V. Kuzikov
Euclid TechLabs, Solon, Ohio, USA

Funding: US DOE Research Opportunities in Accelerator Stewardship DE-FOA-0002463
We will present a physics design of a compact, highly efficient, energy-tunable linac to generate up to 500 W of 10 MeV electron beam power for medical and security applications. This linac will employ a patented travelling wave accelerating structure with outside power flow which combines the advantages of high efficiency with energy tunability of traveling wave cavities. Unlike standing wave structures, the proposed structure has little power reflected back to the RF source, eliminating the need for a heavy, lossy waveguide isolator. In contrast to the side-coupled cavity designs, the proposed structure is symmetrical and therefore it does not have deflecting axial fields that impair the beam transport. The high shunt impedance will allow the linac to achieve an output energy of up to 10 MeV when powered by a compact commercial 9.3 GHz 1.7 MW magnetron. For pulse-to-pulse tuning of the beam output energy we will change of the beam-loaded gradient by varying the triode gun current.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO16

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Received ※ 30 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022

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THPOJO25

HOM Damping in Multi-Cell Superconducting Cavities for the Future Electron Source BriXSinO

HOM, cavity, impedance, damping

739

S. Samsam, A. Bacci, C. Curatolo, I. Drebot, D. Giove, V. Petrillo, M. Rossetti Conti, A.R. Rossi, L. Serafini
INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
A. Bosotti, D. Giove, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
M.R. Masullo, A. Passarelli
INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy
V. Petrillo
Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

High order modes (HOMs) in multi-cell superconducting cavities are of particular concern in beam dynamics of linear accelerators, mainly those operating in CW mode with high current and high repetition rate. These undesired modes may invoke beam instabilities, beam breakup and increase the energy spread if not correctly pulled out and damped. The study reported in this paper is applied for damping the HOMs in the main Linac of BriXSinO, an ongoing project of an Energy Recovery Linac at LASA INFN laboratory. We developed a numerical model to study the interaction of monopole HOMs with the beam in long timescale. The presented model, named HOMEN (High Order Modes Evolution based on eNergy budget), allows the evaluation of the loss factor Kloss, crucial for evaluating the perturbing modes. At the same time, electromagnetic simulations of the standing wave multicell cavity, highlighted the dangerous modes and revealed a tolerable beam energy spread induced by HOMs. This method allows us to distinguish all dangerous modes of our interest for implementing the necessary damping mechanisms.

Poster THPOJO25 [1.111 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO25

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Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOJO26

Conceptual Design of the PERLE Injector

emittance, space-charge, dipole, quadrupole

743

B. Hounsell, M. Klein, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
B. Hounsell, B.L. Militsyn, C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
B. Hounsell, W. Kaabi
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
B.L. Militsyn
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Energy Recovery Linacs such as PERLE require high average current high brightness beams. This sets particular requirements on the kind of injectors that they can use as the injectors must be capable of producing bunches at MHz repetition rates, compressing the bunches to the specified value and transporting those bunches while they are still in the space charge dominated regime into the main ERL all while keeping the emittance low. In particular, PERLE will require a 20 mA beam consisting of 500 pC bunches with a repetition rate of 40 MHz. These bunches will be required to have rms lengths of 3mm, a total beam energy of 7 MeV, appropriate Twiss parameters to match them to the main loop and transverse emittances of < 6 mm mrad. In this paper, a DC gun based injector capable of meeting this specification will be presented with beam dynamics simulation showing the behaviour of the beam from the photocathode to the exit of the first main linac pass. The beam dynamics challenges will be discussed in terms of both the transverse emittance growth and the sources of non-linearity in the longitudinal phase space.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO26

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Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 24 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOPA13

Superconducting Cavity and RF Control Loop Model for the SPIRAL2 Linac

cavity, controls, LLRF, feedback

767

F. Bouly
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
M. Di Giacomo, J.F. Leyge, M. Tontayeva
GANIL, Caen, France

The SPIRAL2 superconducting linac has been successfully commissioned with protons in 2020. During the commissioning, a model of the cavity and its LLRF control loop has been developed. The model enables to have better understanding of the system and was used to guide the tuning of the PI(D) correctors for beam loading compensation. Here we review the development of such a tool, computed with MATLAB Simulink and using the frequency domain (Laplace transfer function) to model the cavity RF and mechanical behaviours (Lorentz detuning), as well as all elements that compose the RF control loop (digital LLRF, amplifier, transmission lines, etc.). The benchmarking of the model with measurement carried out with the proton beam is also discussed in this contribution.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA13

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 03 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOPA23

Digital LLRF System Development and Implementation at the APS Linac

LLRF, klystron, operation, controls

792

Y. Yang, J.M. Byrd, G.I. Fystro, D.A. Meyer, A. Nassiri, A.F. Pietryla, T.L. Smith, Y. Sun
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
B. Baričevič
I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia

The current analog LLRF systems which have supported the APS linac operation for over 25 years, will be replaced with digital LLRF systems utilizing the latest commercially available electronics technology. A customized LLRF system has been developed as the next-generation APS linac controller. Two systems have been manufactured and delivered to the APS. On-site tests demonstrated they met the APS linac operation requirements with the first system expected to be integrated into APS linac operation this year.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA23

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Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOGE01

Study on the Multipactor Barriers of the SARAF-Phase 2 Low-Beta and High-Beta Superconducting Cavities

cavity, multipactoring, MMI, superconducting-cavity

802

G. Ferrand, L. Maurice
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
M. Baudrier, N. Pichoff
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France

CEA is committed to delivering a Medium Energy Beam Transfer line and a superconducting linac (SCL) for SARAF accelerator in order to accelerate 5 mA beam of either protons from 1.3 MeV to 35 MeV or deuterons from 2.6 MeV to 40 MeV. The SCL contains 13 half-wave resonator (HWR) low beta cavities (β= 0.09) at 176 MHz and 14 HWR high-beta cavities (β = 0.18) at 176 MHz. The low-beta and high-beta series were qualified in 2021 and 2022 respectively. This contribution will focus on the observation of the multipactor barriers for all cavi-ties. It will present series of data obtained during the conditioning of these cavities

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOGE01

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Received ※ 27 July 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPOGE23

Vertical Electro-Polishing of 704 MHz Resonators Using Ninja Cathode: Gradients Over 40 MV/m Achieved on ESS Single-Cell Cavity

cavity, cathode, niobium, SRF

844

F. Éozénou, M. Baudrier, E. Cenni, E. Fayette, L. Maurice, C. Servouin
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
H. Hayano, H. Ito, S. Kato, T. Kubo, H. Monjushiro, T. Saeki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
Y.I. Ida, K. Nii, T.Y. Yamaguchi
MGH, Hyogo-ken, Japan
G. Jullien
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

CEA, KEK and Marui Galvanizing Company have been collaborating to apply the Vertical Electropolishing (VEP) process of elliptical SRF cavities to a 704MHz single-cell ESS-type cavity, using a rotating so called and patented "Ninja" cathode. First presented results* were promising with a gradient of 27MV/m achieved, without any heat treatment applied. The performance has been pushed further since. The cavity has undergone a heat treatment at 650°C during 10h, followed by a final VEP sequence and a baking at 120°C during 48h hours. The achieved gradient at 2K was 44MV/m (power limitation), and the quality factor Q₀ exceeding 5·10¹⁰ up to 10 MV/m. The superiority of VEP compared to standard "BCP" chemical treatment is demonstrated and we intend now to scale the process to 5-Cell β=0.86 ESS cavity. We also intend to push further the performance by applying "2-step baking" (75°C and 120°C) proposed by FNAL, which was successfully applied at CEA Saclay on 1300MHz single-cell resonators with gradients above 50MV/m achieved after VEP bulk treatment.
* TUPCAV001, SRF 2021

Slides THPOGE23 [0.868 MB]

Poster THPOGE23 [0.918 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOGE23

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022

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THPORI02

Machine Learning for Beam Orbit Correction at KOMAC Accelerator

network, proton, controls, diagnostics

848

D.-H. Kim, J.J. Dang, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, S. Lee, S.P. Yun
KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work has been supported through KOMAC op-eration fund of KAERI by Ministry of Science and ICT, the Korean government (KAERI ID no. : 524320-22)
There are approaches to apply machine learning (ML) techniques to efficiently operate and optimize particle accelerators. Deep neural networks-based model is applied to experiments, correcting beam orbit through the low energy beam transport at the proton injector test stand. For more complex applications, time-series analysis model is studied to predict beam orbit in the 100-MeV beamline at KOMAC. This paper describes experimental data to train neural networks model, and presents the performance of the machine learning models.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPORI02

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Received ※ 25 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022

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THPORI19

HSMDIS Performance on the ESS Ion Source

MMI, ion-source, plasma, LEBT

863

L. Neri, G. Castro, L. Celona, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, A. Miraglia
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
C. Baltador, L. Bellan, M. Comunian, F. Grespan
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
B. Jones, E. Laface, R. Miyamoto, A.G. Sosa
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The ESS ion source, developed at INFN-LNS and installed at the ESS facility, is fully working and in operation for the linac beam commissioning. The commissioning of the source was done in Catania and in Lund showing high reproducibility related to the beam diagnostic parameters that can be measured with the subset of equipment currently available in Lund. The analysis of the data collected during the commissioning in Catania discloses the possibility to use a new source configuration named High Stability Microwave Discharge Ion Source (HSMDIS), able to improve beam stability and lower the beam emittance. This paper shows the capability to increase the beam current intensity, with preserving beam stability, by changing only the microwave power. Linearity was tested from 10 to 120 mA to be able to provide the lower values needed for the different phases of the accelerator commissioning and higher values for future accelerator development. The source stability is evaluated through intra-pulse stability and pulse-to-pulse stability.
Reference:
L. Neri, L. Celona "High stability microwave discharge ion sources" Sci Rep 12, 3064 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06937-7

Slides THPORI19 [37.408 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPORI19

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Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022

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FR1AA03

Status and Challenges at TRIUMF ISAC Facility

cavity, ISAC, operation, LLRF

866

Z.Y. Yao, Z.T. Ang, T. Au, K. Fong, X.L. Fu, J.J. Keir, P. Kolb, D. Lang, R.E. Laxdal, R. Leewe, Y. Ma, B. Matheson, R.S. Sekhon, B.S. Waraich, Q. Zheng, V. Zvyagintsev
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

The ISAC facility uses the ISOL technique to produce radioactive ions for experiments. The post-accelerator consists of a room temperature linac (ISAC-I) and a su-perconducting linac (ISAC-II). After more than two dec-ades of beam delivery in ISAC, the RF systems have met various challenges regarding increased operation require-ments, system stability issues and performance improve-ments. This paper discusses the detailed challenges in recent years in both ISAC-I and ISAC-II. The upgrade plan or mitigation solution to address each challenge is reported respectively. A hint of the long-term vision at ISAC is also briefly described at the end of the paper.

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Slides FR1AA03 [6.986 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-FR1AA03

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Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022

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FR1AA06

Fully Automated Tuning and Recover of a High Power SCL

cavity, controls, experiment, superconducting-cavity

884

A.P. Shishlo
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
C.C. Peters
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Techniques have been developed for fast (less than one hour), fully automated tune-up a high power proton SCL, as well as fully automated recovery from a cavity failure with no human intervention. These methods have been developed and demonstrated at the SNS SCL but are applicable to hadron SCL operation in general and will be especially relevant to future ADS applications

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Slides FR1AA06 [1.112 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-FR1AA06

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Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 September 2022

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