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MO1PA03 First Years of Linac4 RF Operation linac, operation, klystron, rfq 25
 
  • S. Ramberger, R. Wegner
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  
  Following the construction, commissioning, run-in, and connection, in 2021 Linac4 at CERN saw its successful start-up to full operation. Being composed primarily of RF systems, occupying most of the tunnel and the equipment hall, a coordinated effort has been put in place by 4 RF teams providing cavities, amplifier chains, low-level RF and general control systems. While all parts came together with impressive performance from day one, many details required a considerable debugging effort to achieve the requested availability of at least 95% from first operation in the synchrotron complex. This talk will focus on issues in equipment reliability, radiation to electronics, thermal stability, systems interaction, as well as a few aspects of complex low-level RF setup. It will also discuss decisions taken with respect to spare policies and upgrades for the coming years.  
slides icon Slides MO1PA03 [3.992 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1PA03  
About • Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
MOPOJO10 The Linac Test Facility at Daresbury Laboratory linac, electron, photon, operation 47
 
  • A.E. Wheelhouse, R. Schnuerer
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  • H.L. Gasson, N. Patel, D.H. Rowlands, I. Tahir
    Teledyne-e2v UK Ltd, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
  • R. Schnuerer
    Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  
  The LINAC Test Facility (LTF) based at Daresbury Laboratory supports research and development of applications in medical, security, and environmental technologies through the operation of a Compact LINAC. This facility has been operated and upgraded over several years and this work has been performed in a collaboration between STFC and Teledyne e2v, enabling the facility to deliver an increased accelerating gradient of 6 MeV, which has broadened the capability to provide testing of radiotherapy and security scanning technologies. This paper de-scribes the developments undertaken, the benefits gained by both parties, and future planned improvements.  
poster icon Poster MOPOJO10 [0.707 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO10  
About • Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2022
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MOPOPA02 Identification of the Mechanical Dynamics of the Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavities for the European XFEL CW Upgrade cavity, FEL, SRF, experiment 76
 
  • W.H. Syed, A. Bellandi, J. Branlard, A. Eichler
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  
  The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) is to-date the largest X-ray research facility around the world which spans over 3.4 km. EuXFEL is currently being operated in a pulsed mode with a repetition rate of 10Hz. One upgrade scenario consists of operating the EuXFEL also in a Continuous-Wave (CW) mode of operation to improve the quality of experiments. This upgrade brings new challenges and requires new algorithms to deal with controlling a stable accelerating field inside the Superconducting Radiofrequency (SRF) accelerating cavities and keeping them on resonance in this new mode of operation. The purpose of this research work is to identify the mechanical dynamics of the cavities which will facilitate the development of the resonance controller for the CW upgrade. To this extent, experiments were conducted at a test bench. For the first time, in this work, two different types of spectrally rich excitation signals: multi-sine and stepped-sine are used to excite the mechanical dynamics of the cavities using the piezo actuator. After the analysis of experimental data, mechanical modes are successfully identified and will be used to design the controller.  
poster icon Poster MOPOPA02 [0.687 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA02  
About • Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPOPA15 Three Years of Operation of the SPIRAL2 SC LINAC- RF Feedback cavity, linac, LLRF, operation 98
 
  • M. Di Giacomo, M. Aburas, P.-E. Bernaudin, O. Delahaye, A. Dubosq, A. Ghribi, J.-M. Lagniel, J.F. Leyge, G. Normand, A.K. Orduz, F. Pillon, L. Valentin
    GANIL, Caen, France
  • F. Bouly
    LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
  • S. Sube
    CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
  
  The superconducting LINAC of SPIRAL2 at the GANIL facility has been in operation since October 2019. The accelerator uses 12 low beta and 14 high beta supercon-ducting quarter wave cavities, cooled at 4°K, working at 88 MHz. The cavities are operated at a nominal gradient of 6.5 MV/m and are independently powered by a LLRF and a solid-state amplifier, protected by a circulator. Pro-ton and deuteron beam currents can reach 5 mA and beam loading perturbation is particularly strong on the first cavities, as they are operated at field levels much lower than the nominal one. This paper presents a feedback after three years of oper-ation, focuses on the RF issues, describing problems and required improvement on the low level, control and pow-er systems  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA15  
About • Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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MOPOPA21 RF Beam Sweeper for Purifying In-Flight Produced Rare Isotope Beams at ATLAS Facility high-voltage, experiment, operation, simulation 122
 
  • S.V. Kutsaev, R.B. Agustsson, A.C. Araujo Martinez, J. Peña González, A.Yu. Smirnov
    RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
  • B. Mustapha
    ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
  
  Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under SBIR grant DE-SC0019719.
RadiaBeam is developing an RF beam sweeper for puri-fying in-flight produced rare isotope beams at the ATLAS facility of Argonne National Laboratory. The device will operate in two frequency regimes ’ 6 MHz and 12 MHz ’ each providing a 150 kV deflecting voltage, which dou-bles the capabilities of the existing ATLAS sweeper. In this paper, we present the design of a high-voltage RF sweeper and discuss the electromagnetic, beam dynamics, and solid-state power source for this device. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOPA21  
About • Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPOGE06 Automatic RF Conditioning of S-Band Cavities for Commercial Proton Therapy Linacs cavity, vacuum, linac, GUI 154
 
  • S. Benedetti, M. Cerv, S. Magnoni, J.L. Navarro Quirante, S.G. Soriano
    AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland
  
  The CERN spinoff company ADAM owned by Advanced Oncotherapy plc (AVO-ADAM) is completing the construction and testing of its first LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) system. Each LIGHT machine is composed by 20 accelerating modules: one 750 MHz RFQ, four 3 GHz Side-Coupled Drift Tube Linac (SCDTL) and 15 3 GHz Coupled-Cavity Linac (CCL). The company aims at delivering several similar LIGHT machines in the next years. A prerequisite to achieve such goal is the capability to complete the RF conditioning of the accelerating modules in a systematic and automatic way, with minimal inputs from RF engineers. In the past years ADAM developed an automatic conditioning system capable of increasing the main conditioning parameters ’ RF power, pulse width, repetition rate ’ while controlling the cavity breakdown rate and vacuum level. The system has been so far tested on about twenty accelerating structures with different brazing methodologies and RF accelerating voltages, proving its robustness. This paper discusses the ADAM automatic conditioning system design and its implementation.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE06  
About • Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 17 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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MOPOGE07 High Power RF Transmission Lines of the Light Proton Therapy Linac cavity, network, linac, proton 158
 
  • J.L. Navarro Quirante, D. Aguilera Murciano, S. Benedetti, G. Castorina, C. Cochrane, G. De Michele, J. Douthwaite, A. Eager, S. Fanella, M. Giles, D. Kaye, V.F. Khan, J. Mannion, J. Morris, J.F. Orrett, N. Pattalwar, E. Rose, D. Soriano Guillén
    AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland
  
  The LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) machine is designed to accelerate a proton beam up to 230 MeV to treat deep seated tumours. The machine consists of three different kinds of accelerators: RFQ (Radio-Frequency Quadrupole), SCDTL (Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac) and CCL (Coupled Cavity Linac). These accelerating structures are fed with RF power at 750 MHz (RFQ) and 3 GHz (SCDTLs and CCLs). This power is delivered to the accelerating structure via the high power RF transmission network (RF network). In addition, the RF network needs to offer other functionalities, like protection of the high RF power feeding stations, power splitting, phase and amplitude control and monitoring. The maximum power handling of the RF network corresponds to a peak RF power of 8 MW and an average RF power of 9 kW. It functions either in Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) conditions at an ultimate operating pressure of 10-7 mbar, or under pressurized gas. The above listed requirements involve different challenges. In this contribution we exhibit the main aspects to be considered based on AVO experience during the commissioning of the RF network units.  
poster icon Poster MOPOGE07 [1.075 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE07  
About • Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022
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MOPOGE08 Low Level RF System of the Light Proton Therapy Linac LLRF, linac, cavity, rfq 161
 
  • D. Soriano Guillén, S. Benedetti, M. Cerv, G. De Michele, Ye. Ivanisenko
    AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland
  
  The LIGHT (Linac for Image-Guided Hadron Therapy) project was initiated to develop a modular proton accelerator delivering beam with energies up to 230 MeV for cancer therapy. The machine consists of three different kinds of accelerating structures: RFQ (Radio-Frequency Quadrupole), SCDTL (Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac) and CCL (Coupled Cavity Linac). These accelerating structures operate at 750 MHz (RFQ) and 3 GHz (SCDTL, CCL). The accelerator RF signals are generated, distributed, and controlled by a Low-Level RF (LLRF) system. The LIGHT LLRF system is based on a commercially available solution from Instrumentation Technologies with project specific customization. This LLRF system features high amplitude and phase stability, monitoring of the RF signals from the RF network and the accelerating structures at 200 Hz, RF pulse shaping over real-time interface integrated, RF breakdown detection, and thermal resonance frequency correction feedback. The LLRF system control is integrated in a Front-End Controller (FEC) which connects it to the LIGHT control system. In this contribution we present the main features of the AVO LLRF system, its operation and performance.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE08  
About • Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022
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MOPOGE19 Preliminary Study on the Cryogenic Control System Within RF Superconductive Linac Projects cryogenics, PLC, cryomodule, linac 197
 
  • H. Sibileau, M.L. Beniken
    ACS, Orsay, France
  • T. Junquera
    Accelerators and Cryogenic Systems, Orsay, France
  • D. Masson
    ISII-TECH, Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France
  
  Several RF Superconductive LINAC projects are underway in different laboratories around the world, with various objectives such as research in physics, irradiation tests, production of radioisotopes for medical purposes. Superconducting operation of the accelerating cavities requires them to be maintained at cryogenic temperatures (2K - 4K) by the use of cryogenic fluids. This requires a complete cryogenic control system, including sensors, actuators, local controllers and PLCs. We describe the process by which the preliminary design of the cryogenic control system for the accelerator’s cryomodules and valve boxes may be built. It starts with the functional and performance requirements of the system, followed by the definition of use cases and the study of the necessary cryogenic instrumentation. This leads to a preliminary design of the architecture of the cryogenic control system using Siemens hardware, as well as cryogenic sequences describing standard phases of operation of the LINAC. We also discuss how to take advantage of the modularity of cryomodules for control system implementation and some recent developments in PLC simulation.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOGE19  
About • Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 October 2022
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MOPORI01 A Multi-Camera System for Tomographic Beam Diagnostics detector, vacuum, synchrotron, diagnostics 215
 
  • A. Ateş, G. Blank, H. Hähnel, U. Ratzinger
    IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  
  A prototype of a beam-induced residual gas fluorescence monitor (BIF) has been developed and successfully tested at the Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) of the Goethe University Frankfurt. This BIF is based on ten single-board cameras inserted into the vacuum and directed onto the beam axis. The overall goal is to study the beam with tomography algorithms at a low energy beam transport section. Recently, we tested the detector with a 60keV, 15mA proton beam at 20Hz and 1ms puls length. In this paper we present the ongoing investigations on image processing and application of the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART).  
poster icon Poster MOPORI01 [1.826 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI01  
About • Received ※ 20 August 2022 — Revised ※ 21 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPORI13 On the UNILAC Pulsed Gas Stripper at GSI operation, target, vacuum, heavy-ion 258
 
  • P. Gerhard, M.T. Maier
    GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
  
  The UNILAC will serve as injector linac for heavy ion beams for the future FAIR, with the commissioning being anticipated in 2025. One of the crucial steps in the course of acceleration along the UNILAC is the stripping of the ions by a gas stripper in front of the main linac. Its efficiency is decisive in reaching the intensities required and may be increased by more than 50% by introducing hydrogen as stripping target, instead of the nitrogen used so far. This requires the stripper to be operated in a pulsed mode, since otherwise the pumping speed is not sufficient to maintain suitable vacuum conditions. The proof of principle was demonstrated in 2016*. A dedicated project aims for a setup suitable for routine operation. Main issues are safety, reliability and automated operation. We report on the development done since 2016 and give an overview of the realisation coming within the next few years. Results from systematic measurements on the properties of the valves and their impact on the properties of the stripping target are presented.
* P. Scharrer et al., Developments on the 1.4 MeV/u Pulsed Gas Stripper Cell, in Proc. LINAC2016, East Lansing, MI, USA, Sep. 2016. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2016-TUOP03 		 
poster icon Poster MOPORI13 [1.908 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI13  
About • Received ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 September 2022  
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MOPORI17 The ESS Fast Beam Interlock System: First Experience of Operating With Proton Beam MMI, interface, proton, hardware 265
 
  • S. Gabourin, M. Carroll, S. Kövecses de Carvalho, A. Nordt, S. Pavinato, K. Rosquist
    ESS, Lund, Sweden
  
  The European Spallation Source (ESS), Sweden, currently in its early operation phase, aims to be the most powerful neutron source in the world. Proton beam pulses are accelerated and sent to a rotating tungsten target, where neutrons are generated via the spallation effect. The damage potential of the ESS proton beam is high and melting of copper or steel can happen within less than 5 microseconds. Therefore, highly reliable and fast machine protection (MP) systems have been designed and deployed. The core system of ESS Machine Protection is the Fast Beam Interlock System (FBIS), based on FPGA technology. FBIS collects data from all relevant accelerator and target systems through 300 direct inputs and decides whether beam operation can start or must stop. The architecture is based on two main building blocks: Decision Logic Node (DLN), executing the protection logic and realizing interfaces to Higher-Level Safety, Timing System and EPICS Control System. The second block, the Signal Condition Unit (SCU), implements the interface between FBIS inputs/outputs and DLNs. This paper gives an overview on FBIS and a summary on its performance during beam commissioning phases since 2021.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI17  
About • Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 September 2022
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MOPORI23 High-Power Testing Results of X-Band RF-Window and 45 Degrees Spiral Load GUI, operation, Windows, klystron 279
 
  • M. Boronat, H. Bursali, N. Catalán Lasheras, A. Grudiev, G. McMonagle, I. Syratchev
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  
  The X-Band test facilities at CERN have been running for some years now qualifying CLIC structure prototypes but also developing and testing high power general-purpose X-Band components, used in a wide range of applications. Driven by operational needs, several components have been redesigned and tested aiming to optimize the reliability and the compactness of the full system and therefore enhancing the accessibility of this technology inside and outside CERN. To this extent, a new high-power RF-window has been designed and tested aiming to avoid unnecessary venting of high-power sections already conditioned, easing the interventions, and protecting the klystrons. A new spiral load prototype has also been designed, built, and tested, optimizing the compactness, and improving the fabrication process. In these pages, the design and manufacturing for each component will be shortly described, along with the last results on the high-power testing.  
poster icon Poster MOPORI23 [2.275 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPORI23  
About • Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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TU1AA02 Compact, Turn-Key SRF Accelerators cavity, cryomodule, SRF, operation 290
 
  • N.A. Stilin, A.T. Holic, M. Liepe, T.I. O’Connell, J. Sears, V.D. Shemelin, J. Turco
    Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
  
  The development of simpler, compact Superconducting RF (SRF) systems represents a new subject of research in accelerator science. These compact accelerators rely on advancements made to both Nb3Sn SRF cavities and commercial cryocoolers, which together allow for the removal of liquid cryogenics from the system. This approach to SRF cavity operation, based on novel conduction cooling schemes, has the potential to drastically extend the range of application of SRF technology. By offering robust, non-expert, turn-key operation, such systems enable the use of SRF accelerators for industrial, medical, and small-scale science applications. This presentation will provide an overview of the significant progress being made at Cornell, Jefferson Lab, and Fermilab (FNAL), including stable cavity operation at 10 MV/m. It will also introduce the primary challenges of this new field and their potential solutions, along with an overview of the various applications which could benefit the most from this technology.  
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slides icon Slides TU1AA02 [4.683 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TU1AA02  
About • Received ※ 29 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 October 2022
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TUPOJO09 High Power RF Conditioning of the ESS DTL1 DTL, cavity, vacuum, operation 356
 
  • F. Grespan, C. Baltador, L. Bellan, D. Bortolato, M. Comunian, E. Fagotti, M.G. Giacchini, M. Montis, A. Palmieri, A. Pisent
    INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
  • F. Grespan, B. Jones, L. Page, A.G. Sosa, E. Trachanas, R. Zeng
    ESS, Lund, Sweden
  • D.J.P. Nicosia
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  
  The first tank of Drift Tube Linac (DTL) for the European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS), delivered by INFN, has been installed in the ESS tunnel in Summer 2021. The DTL-1 is designed to accelerate a 62.5 mA proton beam from 3.62 MeV up to 21 MeV. It consists of 61 accelerating gaps, alternate with 60 drift tubes equipped with Permanent Magnet Quadrupole (PMQ) in a FODO lattice. The remaining drift tubes are equipped with dipole correctors (steerers), beam position monitors (BPMs) or empty. The total length of the cavity is 7.6 m and it is stabilized by post couplers. Two waveguide couplers feed the DTL with the 2.2 MW of RF power required for beam operation, equally divided by RF power losses and beam power. This paper first presents the main systems required for the DTL conditioning. Then it summarizes the main steps and results of this high power RF conditioning done at ESS to prepare the DTL for the consequent beam commissioning.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO09  
About • Received ※ 15 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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TUPOJO12 Development of Emittance Meter Instrument for MYRRHA emittance, EPICS, radiation, LEBT 368
 
  • A. Rodríguez Páramo, I. Bustinduy, S. Masa, R. Miracoli, V. Toyos, S. Varnasseri
    ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain
  • L. De Keukeleere, F. Doucet, A. Ponton, A. Tanquintic
    SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
  • J. Herranz
    Proactive Research and Development, Sabadell, Spain
  
  For the commissioning of the Myrrha proton Linac an Emittance Meter Instrument (EMI) has been foreseen. The EMI will be installed in a dedicated test bench for linac commissioning. The test bench will be initially placed after the RFQ with energies of 1.5 MeV, and in later stages moved to other sections of the Normal Con-ducting Linac for operation at 6 and 17 MeV. The Myrrha EMI will be composed by two slit and grid subsystems for measurement of the phase space in the horizontal and vertical directions. For collimating the beam, graphite slits are used, and the beam aperture is measured in the SEM grids placed downstream. Then, the control system performs signal amplification, data acquisition, and motion control, with the different sys-tems integrated in an EPICs IOC. The system, manufactured by ESS-Bilbao and Proac-tive R&D, has been tested on the ESS-Bilbao 45 keV and soon will be integrated in Myrrha facilities. We present the EMI design, with irradiation analysis and emittance reconstruction, and the integration tests results.  
poster icon Poster TUPOJO12 [1.141 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO12  
About • Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 30 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022
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TUPOJO13 Wire Scanner Systems at the European Spallation Source (ESS): Tests and First Beam Commissioning Results detector, MEBT, linac, MMI 372
 
  • C.S. Derrez, I. Bustinduy, E.M. Donegani, V. Grishin, H. Kocevar, J.P.S. Martins, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, T.J. Shea, R. Tarkeshian, C.A. Thomas, P.L. van Velze
    ESS, Lund, Sweden
  • S. Cleva, R. De Monte, M. Ferianis, S. Grulja
    Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
  • I. Mazkiaran, A.R. Páramo
    ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain
  
  The ESS beam instrumentation includes 3 different type of Wire Scanners (WS). Double wires systems are deployed in the MEBT part of NCL, and single wires and flying wire instruments are being tested and installed in the higher energy sections of the ESS linac. First beam tests result from the MEBT systems will be presented. The superconducting linac WS systems are based on scintillator detectors and wavelength shifting fibers are mounted on the beam pipe. The detectors are coupled to long haul optical fibers, which carry the signals to custom front end electronics sitting in controls racks at the surface. The acquisition chain have been characterized at IHEP (Protvino, Russia), ELETTRA (Trieste, Italy), CERN PSB, CoSy (IKP, Germany) and SNS (USA) before installation in the ESS tunnel. The test results of this system design, differing from the standard approach where photomultipliers are coupled to the scintillator will be presented.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOJO13  
About • Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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TUPOPA17 Solving the USB Communication Problem of the High-Voltage Modulator Control System in the European XFEL electron, interface, FEL, operation 451
 
  • M. Bousonville, S. Choroba, T. Grevsmühl, S. Göller, A. Hauberg, T. Weinhausen
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  
  Since the commissioning of the modulators in the European XFEL in 2016, it happened from time to time that the modulator control system hung up. The reason for the problem was unknown at that time. Initially, the MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) was 104 days, which was so rare that other problems with the RF system clearly dominated and were addressed first. Over the next 2 years, the error became more frequent and occurred on average every 18 days. After the winter shutdown of the XFEL in 2020, the problem became absolutely dominant, with an MTBF of 2 days. Therefore, the fault was investigated with top priority and was finally identified. Two units of the control electronics communicate via USB 2.0 with the main server. Using special measurement technology, it was possible to prove that weak signal levels in the USB signal led to bit errors and thus to the crash of the control electronics. This article describes the troubleshooting process, how to measure the signal quality of USB signals and how the problem was solved in the end.  
poster icon Poster TUPOPA17 [6.650 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA17  
About • Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 19 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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TUPOGE03 Advanced Cryogenic Process Control and Monitoring for the SPIRAL2 Superconducting LINAC cavity, cryogenics, linac, cryomodule 483
 
  • A. Ghribi, M. Aburas, P.-E. Bernaudin, M. Di Giacomo, A.H. Trudel, Q. Tura
    GANIL, Caen, France
  • P. Bonnay, F. Bonne
    CEA/INAC, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
  • F. Millet
    CEA, Grenoble, France
  
  SPIRAL2 is a superconducting accelerator for protons, deuterons and heavy ions delivering a maximum beam power of 200 kW at 40 MeV (for deuteron beams). 26 superconducting quarter wave cavities are operated at 4.4 K, plunged in a liquid helium bath with a drastic phase separator pressure control. Previous years have seen the development of advanced process control for cryogenics allowing to cope with high heat load dynamics thanks to an automatic heat dissipation compensation and a model based control. The latter is based on models, using the Simcryogenics library, optimized and linearised in the Programmable Logic Controllers. The SPIRAL2 operation has demonstrated that such control allows to keep the specified conditions for RF and beam operation even at levels of heat load dissipation approaching the physical limits of the cryogenic system. These developments allowed to synthesise a virtual observer of the dynamic heat load dissipated by the cavities. The present paper summarises the development of such observer based on the physical thermodynamic model and on machine learning techniques.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOGE03  
About • Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 02 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 September 2022
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TH1AA05 R&D of Liquid Lithium Stripper at FRIB vacuum, experiment, heavy-ion, operation 668
 
  • T. Kanemura, N.K. Bultman, R. Madendorp, F. Marti, T. Maruta, Y. Momozaki, J.A. Nolen, P.N. Ostroumov, A.S. Plastun, J. Wei, Q. Zhao
    FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
  • D.B. Chojnowski, Y. Momozaki, J.A. Nolen, C.B. Reed, J.R. Specht
    ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
  • M.J. LaVere
    MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
  
  Funding: The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics. The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is a DOE Office of Science User Facility under Award Number DE-SC0000661
Charge stripping is one of the most important processes in the acceleration of intense heavy ion beams, and the charge stripper greatly affects the performance of the accelerator facility. In this talk, the design method and the achieved performance of the liquid lithium stripper recently developed for FRIB will be reported. 		 
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slides icon Slides TH1AA05 [1.663 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TH1AA05  
About • Received ※ 10 August 2022 — Revised ※ 20 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022
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THPOJO11 Wakefield Monitor System for X-Band Lineariser Linac on CLARA HOM, linac, wakefield, alignment 718
 
  • N.Y. Joshi, A.C. Aiken, C.R. Jenkins, A.J. Moss
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  
  Funding: STFC-UKRI
CLARA linear accelerator in phase-2 will utilise an X-band fourth harmonic linac to linearise bunch phase space. Beam induced transverse higher order modes (HOMs) between 15.3 to 16.2GHz will be coupled out through HOM ports, which can be used to correct both position offset and angle misalignment to minimise beam degradation due to HOMs. In this paper we present design of a wakefield monitor system under development, with capability to use either baseband broadband signal for basic alignment, and also carry a detailed narrow-band spectrum analysis on all four (X and Y transverse modes from two couplers) signals. Initial laboratory testing of its subsystem is also presented. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO11  
About • Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 September 2022  
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THPOPA09 High Stability Klystron Modulator for Commercial Accelerator Application klystron, power-supply, high-voltage, operation 762
 
  • M.K. Kempkes, M. Benjnane, C. Chipman, M.P.J. Gaudreau, A. Heindel, Z. Ruan, R.E. Simpson, H. von Kelsch
    Diversified Technologies, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
  
  Diversified Technologies, Inc. (DTI) designed and developed a high stability modulator system for a commercial linear accelerator application. The DTI modulator delivers significant advantages in klystron performance through highly reliable functionality as well as flicker- and droop-free operation from 50-500 microseconds up to 400 Hz (duty limited). The main assemblies on the DTI system consist of a controls rack, high voltage power supply (HVPS), modulator, and cooling manifolds for the modulator, high voltage power supply and klystron tube. Two HVPS (upgradeable to four) provide stable and accurate DC voltage which is used to drive a CPI VKP-8352C UHF-band pulsed klystron for the linear accelerator. A solid state series switch, based on DTI’s patented design, provides both pulse control and arc protection to the klystron. Operating with four HVPS, the DTI modulator is able to operate at a maximum average power of ~750 kW at 105 kV, 47 A nominal. At the end of the initial contract, DTI provided two systems and a total of four HVPS (two of which are used with each system).  
poster icon Poster THPOPA09 [0.736 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA09  
About • Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 22 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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THPOPA12 Development and Integration of a New Low-Level RF System for MedAustron cavity, LLRF, synchrotron, hardware 764
 
  • M. Wolf, M. Cerv, C. Kurfürst, G. Muyan, S. Myalski, M. Repovž, C. Schmitzer
    EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
  • A. Bardorfer, B. Baričevič, P. Paglovec, M. Škabar
    I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia
  
  The MedAustron Ion Therapy Centre is a synchrotron-based particle therapy facility, which delivers proton and carbon beams for clinical treatments. Currently, the facility treats 40 patients per day and is improving its systems and workflows to further increase this number. Although MedAustron is a young and modern center, the life-cycle of certain crucial control electronics is near end-of-life and needs to be addressed. This paper presents the 216MHz injector Low-Level Radio Frequency (iLLRF) system with option of use for the synchrotron Low-Level Radio Frequency (sLLRF - 0.4-10MHz). The developed system will unify the cavity regulation for both LLRFs and will also be used for beam diagnostics (injector/synchrotron) and RF knock-out slow extraction. The new LLRF system is based on a µTCA platform which is controlled by the MedAustron Control System based on NI-PXIe. Currently, it supports fiberoptics links (SFP+), but other links (e.g. EPICS, DOOCS) can be established. The modular implementation of this LLRF allows connections to other components, such as motors, amplifiers, or interlock systems, and will increase the robustness and maintainability of the accelerator.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA12  
About • Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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THPOPA13 Superconducting Cavity and RF Control Loop Model for the SPIRAL2 Linac cavity, linac, LLRF, feedback 767
 
  • F. Bouly
    LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
  • M. Di Giacomo, J.F. Leyge, M. Tontayeva
    GANIL, Caen, France
  
  The SPIRAL2 superconducting linac has been successfully commissioned with protons in 2020. During the commissioning, a model of the cavity and its LLRF control loop has been developed. The model enables to have better understanding of the system and was used to guide the tuning of the PI(D) correctors for beam loading compensation. Here we review the development of such a tool, computed with MATLAB Simulink and using the frequency domain (Laplace transfer function) to model the cavity RF and mechanical behaviours (Lorentz detuning), as well as all elements that compose the RF control loop (digital LLRF, amplifier, transmission lines, etc.). The benchmarking of the model with measurement carried out with the proton beam is also discussed in this contribution.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA13  
About • Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 03 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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THPOPA18 Development of a Tuner Control System for Low-Energy Superconducting Linac at RAON cavity, LLRF, EPICS, cryomodule 778
 
  • H. Kim, M.O. Hyun, H. Jang, M.S. Kim, Y. Kim
    IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  
  Funding: This research was supported by the RISP of ibs funded by the Ministry of Science and the National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Republic of Korea under Contract 2013M7A1A1075764.
We propose a tuner control system for low-energy superconducting linac at RAON. The frequency error of the superconducting cavities must be smaller than a few of Hz to operate in beam acceleration mode. To minimize the freuqency error as much as possible, the error is calculated in the low-level RF(LLRF), and the proposed tuner control system changes the superconducting cavity frequency by using a mechanical tuner and a motor attached to the cavity directly. This control system deals with not only the initial frequency error of the cavity but also the frequency drift of the cavity induced by external disturbance such as the slow fluctuation helium pressure automatically. In addition, an automatic proportional gain calibration technique is also proposed. In this paper, the detailed operation and techniques will be described. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA18  
About • Received ※ 13 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022
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THPOPA19 Initial High Power RF Driving Test Using Digital LLRF for RF Conditioning of 1 MeV/n RFQ at KOMAC rfq, LLRF, cavity, experiment 781
 
  • H.S. Jeong, W.-H. Jung, D.-H. Kim, H.S. Kim, J.H. Kim, K.H. Kim, S.G. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, P. Lee, Y.G. Song
    KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
  
  Funding: This work was supported through the KOMAC operation fund by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korean government.
As a part of R&D toward the RFQ based heavy ion irradiation system, the 1 MeV/n RFQ was designed, brazed, installed and commissioned by staff researchers and engineers at KOMAC of KAERI. This 1 MeV/n RFQ system includes the microwave ion source, EBIS, RFQ, quadrupole magnets, switching magnet and the target systems. The digital based Low-Level RF was developed to provide the stable accelerating field to the RFQ. This Low-Level RF has features such as direct RF detection/generation without mixer, non-IQ sampling, PI feedback control, iterative learning based feed-forward control, and the digital RF interlock. In this paper, the characteristics of Low-Level RF are described, as well as the processes and results of an initial RF driving test for the RFQ’s RF conditioning. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA19  
About • Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 28 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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THPOPA21 Narrow Bandwidth Active Noise Control for Microphonics Rejection in Superconducting Cavities at LCLS-II cavity, resonance, SRF, FPGA 785
 
  • A. Bellandi, J. Branlard
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • S. Aderhold, A.L. Benwell, A. Brachmann, J.A. Diaz Cruz, D. Gonnella, S.L. Hoobler, J. Nelson, A. Ratti, L.M. Zacarias
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
  • J.A. Diaz Cruz
    UNM-ECE, Albuquerque, USA
  • R.D. Porter
    Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
  
  LCLS-II is an X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) under commissioning at SLAC, being the first Continuous Wave (CW) hard XFEL in the world to come into operation. To accelerate the electron beam to an energy of 4 GeV, 280 superconducting cavities of the TESLA types are used. A Loaded Q (QL) value of 4x107 is used to drive the cavities at a power level of a few kilowatts. For this QL value, the RF cavity bandwidth is equal to 32 Hz. Therefore, keeping the cavity resonance frequency within such bandwidth is imperative to avoid a significant increase in the required RF power. In superconducting accelerators, resonance frequency variations are produced by mechanical microphonic vibrations of the cavities. One source of microphonics noise is rotary machinery such as vacuum pumps or HVAC equipment. A possible method to reject these disturbances is to use Narrowband Active Noise Control (NANC) techniques. Such a technique was already tested at DESY/CMTB and Cornell/CBETA. This proceeding presents the implementation of a NANC controller in the LCLS-II Low Level RF (LLRF) control system. Tests on the rejection of LCLS-II microphonics disturbances are also presented.  
poster icon Poster THPOPA21 [1.843 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA21  
About • Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 30 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 September 2022
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THPOPA22 C-Band Low Level RF System Using COTS Components LLRF, timing, laser, low-level-rf 789
 
  • J.P. Edelen
    RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
  • R.D. Berry, A. Diego, D.I. Gavryushkin, A.Yu. Smirnov
    RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
  • J. Krasna
    COSYLAB, Control System Laboratory, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  
  Low Level RF systems have historically fallen into two categories. Custom systems developed at national laboratories or industrial systems using custom hardware specifically designed for LLRF. Recently however advances in RF technology accompanied by demand from applications like quantum computing have led to commercially available systems that are viable for building a modular low-level RF system. Here we present an overview of a Keysight based digital LLRF system. Our system employs analog upconversion and downconversion with an intermediate frequency of 100MHz. We discuss our phase-reference system and provide initial results on the system performance.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA22  
About • Received ※ 25 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 02 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 September 2022
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THPOPA23 Digital LLRF System Development and Implementation at the APS Linac linac, LLRF, klystron, operation 792
 
  • Y. Yang, J.M. Byrd, G.I. Fystro, D.A. Meyer, A. Nassiri, A.F. Pietryla, T.L. Smith, Y. Sun
    ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
  • B. Baričevič
    I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia
  
  The current analog LLRF systems which have supported the APS linac operation for over 25 years, will be replaced with digital LLRF systems utilizing the latest commercially available electronics technology. A customized LLRF system has been developed as the next-generation APS linac controller. Two systems have been manufactured and delivered to the APS. On-site tests demonstrated they met the APS linac operation requirements with the first system expected to be integrated into APS linac operation this year.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA23  
About • Received ※ 22 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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THPOPA24 First SELAP Algorithm Operational Experience of the New LLRF 3.0 RF Control System cavity, LLRF, operation, FPGA 795
 
  • T.E. Plawski, R. Bachimanchi, S. Higgins, C. Hovater, J. Latshaw, C.I. Mounts
    JLab, Newport News, Virgina, USA
  
  The JLAB LLRF 3.0 system has been developed and is replacing the 30-year-old LLRF systems in the CEBAF accelerator. The LLRF system builds upon 25 years of design and operational RF control experience (digital and analog), and our recent collaboration in the design of the LCLSII LLRF system. The new system also incorporates a cavity control algorithm using a fully functional phase and amplitude locked Self Exciting Loop (SELAP). The first system (controlling 8 cavities) was installed and commissioned in August of 2021. Since then the new LLRF system has been operating with cavity gradients up to 20 MV/m, and electron beam currents up to 350 uA. This paper discusses the operational experience of the LLRF 3.0 SELAP algorithm along with other software and firmware tools like cavity and klystron characterization and quench detection.
T. E. Plawski et al., ’JLAB LLRF 3.0 Development and Tests’, in Proc. 12th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. (IPAC’21), Campinas, Brazil, May 2021, pp 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOPA24  
About • Received ※ 10 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2022
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THPORI02 Machine Learning for Beam Orbit Correction at KOMAC Accelerator network, proton, linac, diagnostics 848
 
  • D.-H. Kim, J.J. Dang, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, S. Lee, S.P. Yun
    KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
  
  Funding: This work has been supported through KOMAC op-eration fund of KAERI by Ministry of Science and ICT, the Korean government (KAERI ID no. : 524320-22)
There are approaches to apply machine learning (ML) techniques to efficiently operate and optimize particle accelerators. Deep neural networks-based model is applied to experiments, correcting beam orbit through the low energy beam transport at the proton injector test stand. For more complex applications, time-series analysis model is studied to predict beam orbit in the 100-MeV beamline at KOMAC. This paper describes experimental data to train neural networks model, and presents the performance of the machine learning models. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPORI02  
About • Received ※ 25 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 September 2022
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FR1AA06 Fully Automated Tuning and Recover of a High Power SCL cavity, linac, experiment, superconducting-cavity 884
 
  • A.P. Shishlo
    ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
  • C.C. Peters
    ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
  
  Funding: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Techniques have been developed for fast (less than one hour), fully automated tune-up a high power proton SCL, as well as fully automated recovery from a cavity failure with no human intervention. These methods have been developed and demonstrated at the SNS SCL but are applicable to hadron SCL operation in general and will be especially relevant to future ADS applications 		 
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slides icon Slides FR1AA06 [1.112 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-FR1AA06  
About • Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 September 2022
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