Paper | Title | Other Keywords | Page |
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MOPOJO04 | LightHouse - A Superconducting LINAC for Producing Medical Isotopes | target, electron, radiation, gun | 35 |
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The medical isoptope Mo-99 is used for diagnosing several 10 million patients every year. Up to now it is produced from enriched Uranium using high-flux neutron reactors. The Institute for Radio Elements (IRE), Belgium has ordered the design of a high-power superconducting linac for producing Mo-99 without use of nuclear fission as part of their SMART project. The LightHouse accelerator consists of a photo gun and 7 superconducting RF modules"*", a beam splitter and target illumination optics. It will deliver two electron beam of 75MeV and 1.5MW each. Photocathodes are prepared and transfered in-situ. We report on the design principles and the Beam Test Facility operating since April 2022.
*Based on Cornell CBeta design |
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DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO04 | ||
About • | Received ※ 19 August 2022 — Revised ※ 24 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022 | ||
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MOPOJO17 | Design and Optimization of a 100 kV DC Thermionic Electron Gun and Transport Channel for a 1.3 GHz High Intensity Compact Superconducting Electron Accelerator (HICSEA) | electron, solenoid, gun, cavity | 65 |
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Here we present, the design and optimization of a 100 kV DC thermionic electron gun, and a transport channel that provides transverse focusing through a normal conducting solenoid and longitudinal bunching with the help of a single gap buncher for a 1.3 GHz, 40 kW, 1 MeV superconducting electron accelerator. The accelerator is proposed to treat various contaminants present in potable water resources. A 100 kV thermionic electron gun with LaB6 as its cathode material was intended to extract a maximum beam current of 500 mA. To minimize beam emittance, gun geometry i.e. cathode radius, and height and radius of the focusing electrode are optimized. The minimal obtained emittance at the gun exit is 0.3 mm.mrad. A normal conducting focusing solenoid with an iron encasing is designed and optimized to match and transport the beam from gun exit to the superconducting cavity. Finally, a 1.3 GHz ELBE type buncher is designed and optimized to bunch the electron beam for further acceleration. | |||
Slides MOPOJO17 [1.268 MB] | |||
Poster MOPOJO17 [0.813 MB] | |||
DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO17 | ||
About • | Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 24 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022 | ||
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TU1PA01 | A Discussion of Key Concepts for the Next Generation of High Brightness Injectors | FEL, gun, brightness, electron | 324 |
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The production of high brightness electron beams has been key to the success of the X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) as the new frontier in X-ray sources. The past two decades have seen the commissioning of numerous XFEL facilities, which quickly surpassed Synchrotron light sources to become the most brilliant X-ray sources. Such facilities have, so far, heavily relied on room temperature S-band RF photoguns to produce the high brightness electron bunches required for lasing, however such photoguns are reaching their peak performance limit and new methods must be investigated to continue to increase the brightness of these facilities. This talk will begin with a review of the design and performance of several electron guns currently operational in XFELs. Following will be a discussion of current efforts in continuing to increase this peak brightness including moving to cold cathode schemes and the use of very high gradients on the cathode. Finally we will describe ongoing activities at PSI to develop the next generation of high gradient RF photoguns for increased peak brightness. | |||
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Slides TU1PA01 [1.781 MB] | |||
DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TU1PA01 | ||
About • | Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022 | ||
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TUPOPA06 | Microscopy Investigation on Different Materials After Pulsed High Field Conditioning and Low Energy H-Irradiation | radiation, electron, experiment, detector | 422 |
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During operation the LINAC4 RFQ (Radio-Frequency-Quadrupole) is exposed to high electric fields which can lead to vacuum breakdown. It is also subject to beam loss that can cause surface modification, including blistering, which can result in reduced electric field handling and an increased breakdown rate. An experimental study has been made to identify materials with high electric field capability and robustness to low-energy irradiation. In this paper we briefly discuss the selection criteria and we analyze these materials investigating their metallurgical properties using advanced microscopic techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Back Scattered Diffraction, Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and conventional optical microscopy. These allow to observe and characterize the different materials on aμand a nano-scale, allowing us to compare results before and after irradiation and breakdown testing. | |||
Poster TUPOPA06 [2.771 MB] | |||
DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA06 | ||
About • | Received ※ 14 August 2022 — Revised ※ 23 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022 | ||
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TUPOPA13 | Pulsed DC High Field Measurements of Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Electrodes of Different Materials | radiation, rfq, vacuum, linac | 441 |
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Beam loss occurs in Radio Frequency Quadrupoles (RFQ), and has been observed in the H− linear accelerator Linac4 (L4) at CERN. To determine if beam loss can induce breakdowns, and to compare the robustness of different materials, tests have been done using pulsed high-voltage DC systems. Electrical breakdown phenomena and conditioning processes have been studied using these systems. Cathodes of different materials were irradiated with 1.2x1019 H− p/cm2, the estimated beam loss of the L4 RFQ over 10 days. The irradiated electrodes were installed in a system to observe if the irradiated area coincided with the breakdown locations, with pulsing parameters similar to the RFQ. Tests of irradiated and non-irradiated electrodes of the same material were done for comparison. The main difference observed was an increase in the number of breakdowns during the initial conditioning that returned to non-irradiated sample values with further running. Visual observations after irradiation show the beam centre and a halo the same diameter of the beam pipe. Breakdown clusters occur in the centre and halo regions, suggesting irradiation is not the only factor determining the breakdown probability. | |||
Poster TUPOPA13 [3.845 MB] | |||
DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA13 | ||
About • | Received ※ 23 August 2022 — Revised ※ 29 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022 | ||
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TUPOPA30 | Innovative Magnetron Power Sources for SRF Linacs | cavity, electron, simulation, power-supply | 473 |
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Funding: Supported in part by US Department of Energy Nuclear Physics SBIR Grant DE-SC0022484 Magnetron RF power sources for single cavities can cost much less and operate at much higher efficiency than klystrons, but they do not have the phase and amplitude control, or the lifetime, needed to drive SRF cavities for superconducting particle accelerators. Existing magnetrons that are typically used to study methods of control or lifetime improvements for SRF accelerators are built for much different applications such as kitchen microwave ovens (1kW, 2.45 GHz) or industrial heating (100 kW, 915 MHz). Muons, Inc. is working with Richardson Electronics LLC to develop fast and flexible manufacturing techniques to allow many ideas to be tested for construction variations that enable new phase and amplitude injection locking control methods, longer lifetime, and inexpensive refurbishing resulting in the lowest possible life-cycle costs. A magnetron suitable for 1497 MHz klystron replacements at Jefferson Lab has been designed, constructed, and tested. |
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DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-TUPOPA30 | ||
About • | Received ※ 16 August 2022 — Revised ※ 26 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022 | ||
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THPOJO10 | RF Design and Characterisation of the CLARA 10 Hz Gun with Photocathode Load/Lock Upgrade | gun, simulation, cavity, vacuum | 715 |
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The 2.5 cell S-band 10 Hz repetition rate electron gun (Gun-10) for the CLARA (Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications) facility underwent an upgrade during the scheduled shutdown period during the summer of 2019. The existing photocathode/back plate was replaced by a new back plate with interchangeable photocathode socket connected to a load/lock system capable of rapid exchanges of photocathode plugs. Here we outline motivation and RF design of the back plate and also detail the low power RF testing and characterisation of the upgraded gun in terms of the unloaded quality factor, the RF power coupling match, the percent field flatness and the operating frequency of the cavity, calculated from the frequency measured in the laboratory. Finally, via simulations using CST MWS and ASTRA, we produce a dependence of expected beam momentum vs forward power that we predict the gun will deliver once it goes back online. | |||
DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOJO10 | ||
About • | Received ※ 25 August 2022 — Revised ※ 31 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 31 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022 | ||
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THPOGE23 | Vertical Electro-Polishing of 704 MHz Resonators Using Ninja Cathode: Gradients Over 40 MV/m Achieved on ESS Single-Cell Cavity | cavity, niobium, SRF, linac | 844 |
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CEA, KEK and Marui Galvanizing Company have been collaborating to apply the Vertical Electropolishing (VEP) process of elliptical SRF cavities to a 704MHz single-cell ESS-type cavity, using a rotating so called and patented "Ninja" cathode. First presented results* were promising with a gradient of 27MV/m achieved, without any heat treatment applied. The performance has been pushed further since. The cavity has undergone a heat treatment at 650°C during 10h, followed by a final VEP sequence and a baking at 120°C during 48h hours. The achieved gradient at 2K was 44MV/m (power limitation), and the quality factor Q0 exceeding 5·1010 up to 10 MV/m. The superiority of VEP compared to standard "BCP" chemical treatment is demonstrated and we intend now to scale the process to 5-Cell β=0.86 ESS cavity. We also intend to push further the performance by applying "2-step baking" (75°C and 120°C) proposed by FNAL, which was successfully applied at CEA Saclay on 1300MHz single-cell resonators with gradients above 50MV/m achieved after VEP bulk treatment.
* TUPCAV001, SRF 2021 |
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Slides THPOGE23 [0.868 MB] | |||
Poster THPOGE23 [0.918 MB] | |||
DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPOGE23 | ||
About • | Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 01 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022 | ||
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THPORI09 | Design and Optimization of a 1.3 GHz Gridded Thermionic Electron Gun for High-Intensity Compact Superconducting Electron Accelerator (HICSEA) | emittance, gun, electron, focusing | 851 |
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The design and optimization of the proposed 1.3 GHz gridded thermionic electron gun aims to drive a conduction cooled superconducting electron accelerator that will be used to treat contaminants of emerging concern in water bodies. The gun geometry is Pierce-type and optimized for beam current of 1A with LaB6 as cathode material at cathode potential of -100 kV. The final optimized cathode radius and angle of inclination of the focusing electrode are found to be 1.5 mm, and 77 degree respectively. For an emittance compensation electrode, the optimized values for thickness and potential are 2 mm and -50 kV respectively, and separation between cathode and compensator is 8 mm. Beam dynamics calculations have been performed with self-developed particle tracking code that assumes space charge interactions and imported fields. The beam dynamics simulations show that with an initial bunch length of 50 ps having a bunch charge of 5 pC, the bunch length of the bunch reduces to 33 ps. The diameter, transverse and longitudinal emittance obtained are 2.8 mm, 1 mm-mrad and 5 mm-mrad respectively. | |||
Poster THPORI09 [1.238 MB] | |||
DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPORI09 | ||
About • | Received ※ 11 August 2022 — Revised ※ 14 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022 | ||
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THPORI15 | Operation of the CLARA Linear Accelerator with 2.5 Cell 10 Hz Photocathode Gun with Interchangeable Photocathodes | gun, operation, cavity, MMI | 854 |
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During commissioning and operation run in 2021-2022 the photoinjector of the CLARA-VELA facility a 2.5 cell cavity S-band photocathode gun originally developed for the APEX experiment was used. The copper back wall of the cavity also served as the gun photocathode. In order to reduce significant time required for replacement and/or reactivation of the photocathode and improve the flexibility of the injector the gun has been upgraded for operation with DESY/INFN style interchangeable photocathodes. This upgrade included a new design of the cavity back wall to accommodate the photocathode socket and equipping the gun with a load-lock system. Modification of the gun also required replacement of the bucking coil, which zeros field in the photocathode emission plane. After the upgrade, the gun was commissioned and then operated with a hybrid Cu/Mo photocathode during the last two years. During winter-spring 2022 experimental run the gun steadily operated with a cathode field of 60 MV/m, limited by the RF power available and with an off-centre diamond turned photocathode which delivered stable bunches with a charge of 100 pC. | |||
DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-THPORI15 | ||
About • | Received ※ 24 August 2022 — Revised ※ 08 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 October 2022 | ||
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